ArticleCureus2022
Assessment of Effective Coverage of Antenatal Care and Associated Factors in Squatter Settlements of Islamabad Capital Territory, Pakistan: An Analytical Cross-Sectional Study.
Article in Cureus, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 7 citations in OpenAlex.
- Trends and Inequities Related to Antenatal Care Utilization Among Pakistani Women From 1990 to 2019: An Insight From Demographic and Health Surveys.Journal of pregnancy · 2026Review
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- Assessment of effective coverage of antenatal care and factors affecting its outcome in Ethiopia.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2025Article
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- Effective coverage of maternal and neonatal healthcare services in low-and middle-income countries: a scoping review.BMC health services research · 2024Article
- Factors influencing late antenatal care of Muslim pregnant women: A predictive correlational study in Aceh, Indonesia.Belitung nursing journal · 2024Article
- Predicting maternal healthcare seeking behaviour in Afghanistan: exploring sociodemographic factors and women's knowledge of severity of illness.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2023Article
- Comparison of inequality in utilization of maternal healthcare services between Bangladesh and Pakistan: evidence from the demographic health survey 2017-2018.Reproductive health · 2023Article
- Effective coverage of antenatal care service utilisation in Ethiopia using service provision assessment and demography and health survey data.Women's health (London, England)Observational
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundEffective coverage of antenatal care (ANC) goes beyond contact coverage and assesses the quality of service provided. We used World Health Organization's recommended positive pregnancy guidelines to assess effective coverage and factors associated with the utilization of ANC among women in squatter settlements of Islamabad Capital Territory.
methodsWe conducted a household survey in the study area with 416 women who had given birth in the past one year. Face-to-face interviews were conducted after the selection of study subjects was done through a systematic random sampling approach. Statistical analysis was carried out using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences 22 (SPSS 22; IBM corp. Armonk, NY). Effective ANC coverage was defined as four or more ANC visits along with all WHO-recommended interventions received at least once during ANC. Adjusted odds ratios (adjOR) with 95% CI were calculated using binary logistic regression to determine the independent effects of all associated factors on the outcome.
resultsOf the 416 women interviewed, 399 (95.6%) had availed ANC services at least once. The coverage of 4+ ANC visits was 92% but effective coverage was only received by 35% women. The proportion of women who received nutritional interventions, maternal and fetal assessment and other preventive measures was 68%, 51% and 80.8% respectively. Maternal education (adjOR, 95% CI = 4.8[2.4-9.3]), family income (2.3[1.1-5.1]), multiparity (1.7[1.1-2.9]), place of first ANC visit (4.2[1.7-10.5]) and distance from a health facility (2.2[1.3-3.6]) were independently associated with the non-utilization of effective ANC.
conclusionDespite a very high crude coverage of ANC services, the study shows a very low proportion of women receiving effective coverage. This stresses the importance of measuring the proportion of the population that receives health services with quality to monitor progress toward achieving universal health coverage.
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