ArticleChest2023
Sex Differences in TB Clinical Presentation, Drug Exposure, and Treatment Outcomes in India.
Article in Chest, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 15 citations in OpenAlex.
- Sex as a Biological Variable in Tuberculosis Pathogenesis.Immunological reviews · 2026Review
- Survival analysis of risk factors for mortality in pulmonary tuberculosis patients in southeast Iran (2013-2023).BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Sex differences in risk factors for unsuccessful tuberculosis treatment outcomes in Eastern Europe from 2020 to 2022: a multi-country retrospective cohort study.The Lancet regional health. Europe · 2025Article
- Establishing translational performance standards for TB therapy using rifampicin-based regimens in a male and female high-burden murine model.BMC microbiology · 2025Article
- Treatment outcomes of drug-resistant tuberculosis in Sabah, Malaysia - a retrospective cohort study.Public health in practice (Oxford, England) · 2025Article
- The influence of sex on pyrazinamide and uric acid serum levels in Brazilian patients treated for pulmonary tuberculosis.Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de Sao Paulo · 2025Article
- Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis Hotspots in Oliver Reginald Tambo District Municipality, Eastern Cape, South Africa.Infectious disease reports · 2024Article
- Sex-disaggregated patterns in tuberculosis treatment coverage and outcomes among a nationally representative sample of deaths in India: 2019-2022.The Lancet regional health. Southeast Asia · 2024Article
- Accuracy of C-Reactive Protein for Tuberculosis Detection in General-Population Screening and Ambulatory-Care Triage in Uganda.Annals of the American Thoracic Society · 2024Article
- Article
- Correlation of N-acetyltransferase 2 genotype and acetylation status with plasma isoniazid concentration and its metabolic ratio in ethiopian tuberculosis patients.Scientific reports · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
17 authors at 5 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe role of sex differences in clinical presentation, TB drug pharmacokinetic variables, and treatment outcomes is unclear. RESEARCH QUESTION: What is the effect of sex on TB disease severity, drug exposure, and treatment outcome? STUDY DESIGN AND
methodsThis study was a prospective cohort study conducted in India. It assessed TB disease severity; risk of unfavorable treatment outcomes (failure, recurrence, and death) according to sex; and risk factors for unfavorable outcomes stratified according to sex. Effects of sex on the pharmacokinetic variables (maximum concentration and area under the curve) of rifampicin, isoniazid, and pyrazinamide were estimated by using noncompartmental analyses.
resultsOf 1,541 people with microbiologically confirmed TB, 567 (37%) were women. Women had a lower risk of high mycobacterial burden (smear grade ≥ 2 and/or time to detection < 7 days) with an adjusted OR of 0.70 (95% CI, 0.56-0.87). Among the 744 participants who were followed up prospectively, 261 (35%) were women. Women had a lower risk of unfavorable treatment outcomes (adjusted incidence risk ratio, 0.60; 95% CI, 0.43-0.85), mostly because recurrence was lower (adjusted incidence risk ratio, 0.45; 95% CI, 0.23-0.86). Isoniazid (but not rifampicin and pyrazinamide) maximum concentration and area under the curve were significantly higher among women (P < .01) than men. Among women, unfavorable outcomes were more likely among those with cavitary disease, but among men, increased risk of unfavorable outcomes was associated with alcohol use, higher BMI, and lower glycated hemoglobin level.
interpretationWomen present with lower mycobacterial burden, achieve higher TB drug exposure, and are less likely to have unfavorable treatment outcomes than men. Strategies to improve TB treatment success should take into account sex differences in risk factors for unfavorable outcomes.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.