Observational studyPloS one2022
Post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 symptom phenotypes and therapeutic strategies: A prospective, observational study.
Observational study in PloS one, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
28 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 51 citations in OpenAlex.
- Epigenetic changes in patients with post-acute COVID-19 symptoms (PACS) and long-COVID: A systematic review.Expert reviews in molecular medicine · 2024Pooled it
- Trajectories of Inflammatory Markers and Post-COVID-19 Cognitive Symptoms: A Secondary Analysis of the CONTAIN COVID-19 Randomized Trial.Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation · 2024Trial
- Post-Acute COVID-19 Symptoms Clusters and Work Status.Occupational Health · 2026Article
- Long COVID longitudinal symptoms burden clusters within a national community-based cohort.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Presentation and temporal nature of postacute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection in a US national cohort.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2026Article
- Paxlovid shows organ-specific and age-specific impacts on risk of developing post-acute sequelae of COVID-19.Communications medicine · 2026Article
- Identifying subtypes of Long COVID: a systematic review.EClinicalMedicine · 2026Article
- Metabolomics-Based Machine Learning Diagnostics of Post-Acute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 Infection.Metabolites · 2025Article
- Long COVID Longitudinal Symptoms Burden Clusters Within A National Community-Based Cohort.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2025Article
- Long COVID as an Infection-Associated Chronic Condition: Implications.American journal of health promotion : AJHP · 2025Article
- Prediction and phenotyping of long COVID in kidney transplant recipients: A cross-sectional study.Clinical nephrology · 2025Article
- Integrated Antigenic and Nucleic Acid Detection in Single Virions and Extracellular Vesicles with Viral Content.Advanced healthcare materials · 2025Article
- Identifying central symptom clusters and correlates among post-COVID-19 pulmonary fibrosis patients: a network analysis.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Article
- The health-related quality of life among survivors with post-COVID conditions in the United States.PloS one · 2025Article
- Uncovering the Contrasts and Connections in PASC: Viral Load and Cytokine Signatures in Acute COVID-19 versus Post-Acute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 (PASC).Biomedicines · 2024Review
- Clusters of long COVID among patients hospitalized for COVID-19 in New York City.BMC public health · 2024Article
- Long COVID Clusters of Symptoms Persist beyond Two Years after Infection: Insights from the CARDIO COVID 20-21 Registry.Viruses · 2024Article
- Review
- Musculoskeletal and Neuropathic Pain in COVID-19.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Cluster analysis identifies long COVID subtypes in Belgian patients.Biology methods & protocols · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundPost-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC) includes a heterogeneous group of patients with variable symptomatology, who may respond to different therapeutic interventions. Identifying phenotypes of PASC and therapeutic strategies for different subgroups would be a major step forward in management.
methodsIn a prospective cohort study of patients hospitalized with COVID-19, 12-month symptoms and quantitative outcome metrics were collected. Unsupervised hierarchical cluster analyses were performed to identify patients with: (1) similar symptoms lasting ≥4 weeks after acute SARS-CoV-2 infection, and (2) similar therapeutic interventions. Logistic regression analyses were used to evaluate the association of these symptom and therapy clusters with quantitative 12-month outcome metrics (modified Rankin Scale, Barthel Index, NIH NeuroQoL).
resultsAmong 242 patients, 122 (50%) reported ≥1 PASC symptom (median 3, IQR 1-5) lasting a median of 12-months (range 1-15) post-COVID diagnosis. Cluster analysis generated three symptom groups: Cluster1 had few symptoms (most commonly headache); Cluster2 had many symptoms including high levels of anxiety and depression; and Cluster3 primarily included shortness of breath, headache and cognitive symptoms. Cluster1 received few therapeutic interventions (OR 2.6, 95% CI 1.1-5.9), Cluster2 received several interventions, including antidepressants, anti-anxiety medications and psychological therapy (OR 15.7, 95% CI 4.1-59.7) and Cluster3 primarily received physical and occupational therapy (OR 3.1, 95%CI 1.3-7.1). The most severely affected patients (Symptom Cluster 2) had higher rates of disability (worse modified Rankin scores), worse NeuroQoL measures of anxiety, depression, fatigue and sleep disorder, and a higher number of stressors (all P<0.05). 100% of those who received a treatment strategy that included psychiatric therapies reported symptom improvement, compared to 97% who received primarily physical/occupational therapy, and 83% who received few interventions (P = 0.042).
conclusionsWe identified three clinically relevant PASC symptom-based phenotypes, which received different therapeutic interventions with varying response rates. These data may be helpful in tailoring individual treatment programs.
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Registered trials
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