ArticleClinical proteomics2022
The dynamic changes and sex differences of 147 immune-related proteins during acute COVID-19 in 580 individuals.
Article in Clinical proteomics, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 7 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed, 9 citations in OpenAlex.
- The impact of sex on the immune system explored at the single-cell level.American journal of human genetics · 2026Article
- Differential Circulating Proteomic Responses Associated with Ancestry during Severe COVID-19 Infection.Journal of proteome research · 2025Article
- CCL26 as a prognostic biomarker in hepatocellular carcinoma: integrating bioinformatics analysis, clinical validation, and radiomics score.Discover oncology · 2025Article
- Decoding sex differences in human immunity through systems immunology.Oxford open immunology · 2025Review
- Circulating proteins to predict COVID-19 severity.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Sex chromosome complement and sex steroid signaling underlie sex differences in immunity to respiratory virus infection.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2023Review
- Correction: The dynamic changes and sex differences of 147 immune-related proteins during acute COVID-19 in 580 individuals.Clinical proteomics · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
65 authors at 11 institutions in 5 countries.
Funding
Abstract
introductionSevere COVID-19 leads to important changes in circulating immune-related proteins. To date it has been difficult to understand their temporal relationship and identify cytokines that are drivers of severe COVID-19 outcomes and underlie differences in outcomes between sexes. Here, we measured 147 immune-related proteins during acute COVID-19 to investigate these questions.
methodsWe measured circulating protein abundances using the SOMAscan nucleic acid aptamer panel in two large independent hospital-based COVID-19 cohorts in Canada and the United States. We fit generalized additive models with cubic splines from the start of symptom onset to identify protein levels over the first 14 days of infection which were different between severe cases and controls, adjusting for age and sex. Severe cases were defined as individuals with COVID-19 requiring invasive or non-invasive mechanical respiratory support.
results580 individuals were included in the analysis. Mean subject age was 64.3 (sd 18.1), and 47% were male. Of the 147 proteins, 69 showed a significant difference between cases and controls (p < 3.4 × 10
conclusionsSevere COVID-19 is associated with large changes in 69 immune-related proteins. Further, five proteins were associated with sex differences in outcomes. These results provide direct insights into immune-related proteins that are strongly influenced by severe COVID-19 infection.
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