ArticleJournal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association2022
Neurodevelopmental outcomes of extremely preterm infants fed an exclusive human milk-based diet versus a mixed human milk + bovine milk-based diet: a multi-center study.
Article in Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 18 citations in OpenAlex.
- Fortified Human Milk Compared with Unfortified Human Milk in Preterm Low Birth Weight Neonates: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Nutrients · 2026Pooled it
- A systematic review and meta-analysis of breastfeeding and neurodevelopmental outcomes in preterm infant.Frontiers in public health · 2024Pooled it
- Adverse Events Following Cow's Milk-Derived Human Milk Fortification: A Nationwide Human Milk Bank Study.Nutrients · 2026Article
- Oral care with human milk is associated with increased human milk feeding and breastfeeding for newborns with critical congenital heart disease.Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association · 2026Article
- Current enteral feeding practices for premature infants in neonatal intensive care units in the Middle East and North Africa.JPGN reports · 2026Article
- Exclusive human milk diet is associated with lower risk of motor function impairment at three years of corrected age.Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association · 2025Article
- Effect of Multi-Nutrient Milk Fortification on Preterm Neonate Outcomes: A Network Meta-Analysis.Nutrients · 2025Review
- Early human milk feeding: Relationship to intestinal barrier maturation and postnatal growth.Pediatric research · 2025Article
- Breastfeeding Duration and Child Development.JAMA network open · 2025Article
- Strategies to support language development in neonatal intensive care unit: a narrative review.Clinical and experimental pediatrics · 2024Article
- Human milk, breastfeeding, and early neurodevelopmental outcomes for infants with critical CHD.Cardiology in the young · 2024Article
- Monitoring the Use of Human Milk, the Ideal Food for Very Low-Birth-Weight Infants-A Narrative Review.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Human milk fortification and use of infant formulas to support growth in the neonatal intensive care unit.Nutrition in clinical practice : official publication of the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 7 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveThe objective of this multi-center study was to compare, in infants ≤1250 g birth weight (BW) with neurodevelopmental assessment at 18-22 months of corrected age (CA), whether their neurodevelopmental outcomes differed based on exposure to an exclusive human milk-based (HUM) or to a bovine milk-based fortifier and/or preterm formula (BOV). STUDY
designRetrospective multi-center cohort study of infants undergoing neurodevelopmental assessment as to whether HUM or BOV exposure related to differences in outcomes of infants at 18-22 months CA, using the Bayley Scales of Infant Development III (BSID-III). BSID-III cognitive, language, and motor scores were adjusted for BW, sex, study site, and necrotizing enterocolitis.
results252 infants from 6 centers were included. BSID-III cognitive scores were higher in the HUM group (96.5 ± 15.1 vs 89.6 ± 14.1, adjusted p = 0.0001). Mean BSID-III language scores were 85.5 ± 15.0 in HUM and 82.2 ± 14.1 in BOV (adjusted p = 0.09). Mean BSID-III motor scores were 92.9 ± 11.7 in HUM and 91.4 ± 14.6 in BOV (adjusted p = 0.32).
conclusionIn this cohort of infants undergoing neurodevelopmental assessment, infants receiving HUM diet had significantly higher cognitive BSID-III scores at 18-22 months CA. Further investigation is needed of this potential for HUM to positively influence infant cognitive outcomes.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.