ArticlePharmaceutical research2022
Transdermal Delivery of Metformin Utilizing Ionic Liquid Technology: Insight Into the Relationship Between Counterion Structures and Properties.
Article in Pharmaceutical research, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed, 9 citations in OpenAlex.
- Phosphatidylserine liposomes containing metformin mitigate experimental atopic dermatitis: evidence for Akt/mTOR pathway involvement.Inflammopharmacology · 2026Article
- Review
- Design Principles and Applications of Ionic Liquids for Transdermal Drug Delivery.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2024Review
- Ionic liquids as the effective technology for enhancing transdermal drug delivery: Design principles, roles, mechanisms, and future challenges.Asian journal of pharmaceutical sciences · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
purposeThe purpose of the present study was to explore the feasibility of transdermal delivery of metformin, a commonly used oral antidiabetic drug, by ionic liquid (IL) technology.
methodsMetformin hydrochloride (MetHCl) was first transformed into three kinds of ILs with different counterions. The physicochemical properties of the obtained ILs were characterized in depth. The simulation of stable configuration and calculation of interaction energies were conducted based on density functional theory (DFT). Skin-PAMPA was used to evaluate the intrinsic transdermal permeation properties. The cytotoxicity assay of these ILs was conducted using HaCaT cells to evaluate the toxicity to skin. These metformin ILs were then formulated into transdermal patch, and the transdermal potential was further evaluated using in vitro dissolution test and skin permeation assay. Finally, the pharmacokinetic profiles of these metformin IL-containing patches were determined.
resultsAmong all the three Met ILs, metformin dihexyl sulfosuccinate (MetDH) with proper overall physiochemical and biological properties demonstrated the highest relative bioavailability. Metformin docusate (MetD) with the highest lipophilicity and intrinsic transdermal permeability exhibited the most significant sustained release profile in vivo. Both MetDH and MetD were the promising candidates for further clinical investigations.
conclusionsOverall, the properties of ILs were closely related to the structures of counterion. IL technology provided the opportunities to finely tune the solid-state and biological properties of Metformin and facilitated the successful delivery by transdermal route.
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Registered trials
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