ArticleBMJ open2022
Factors affecting the occurrence of otitis media with effusion in preschool and elementary school children: a comparative cross-sectional study.
Article in BMJ open, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.
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Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 18 citations in OpenAlex.
- Molecular Characterization of the Middle Ear Microbiome in Pediatric Otitis Media with Effusion: Diagnostic and Clinical Implications.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
- [Correlation between adenoid hypertrophy combined with secretory otitis media and laryngopharyngeal reflux in children].Lin chuang er bi yan hou tou jing wai ke za zhi = Journal of clinical otorhinolaryngology head and neck surgery · 2026Article
- Treatment efficacy prediction model for patients with concurrent allergic rhinitis and laryngopharyngeal reflux.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- Incidence and risk factors correlated with otitis media with effusion in pediatric patients with obstructive sleep apnea: a retrospective nationwide inpatient sample database study.European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery · 2025Article
- Article
- Review
- Patterns of Ear Morbidities Among Pediatric Age Group: A Tertiary Care Hospital-Based Study.Cureus · 2025Article
- Comparative evaluation of machine learning models for enhancing diagnostic accuracy of otitis media with effusion in children with adenoid hypertrophy.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2025Article
- Otitis media with effusion in preschool children with adenoid hypertrophy: Risk factors and nursing care.Nursing open · 2024Article
- [Characteristics performance of laryngopharyngeal reflux in narrow band imaging].Lin chuang er bi yan hou tou jing wai ke za zhi = Journal of clinical otorhinolaryngology head and neck surgery · 2023Article
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveIdentify the risk factors for otitis media with effusion (OME), especially laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR), adenoid hypertrophy and allergic rhinitis, that could be used to develop prevention strategies in children.
designA comparative cross-sectional study was conducted to make sure the adequacy of proportions of OME and non-OME cases in finding the related factors.
settingHistory taking, ear/nose/throat (ENT) examination, and tympanometry were performed in preschool and elementary schools. Flexible fibreoptic nasopharyngolaryngoscopy was performed in a bronchoesophagology outpatient clinic in a tertiary referral hospital in Jakarta, Indonesia.
participantsPreschool and elementary children in East Jakarta, Indonesia were recruited for this study. A total of 2016 participants underwent history taking, ENT examination and tympanometry. The case group was 46 children with OME, and the control group was 46 children without OME. The number of subjects fulfilled the minimum sample size for two proportions comparison.
main outcome measuresA type B tympanogram indicated OME. A Reflux Finding Score of more than 7 indicated LPR. Adenoid hypertrophy was diagnosed using flexible fibreoptic nasopharyngolaryngoscopy. Allergic rhinitis was diagnosed using a questionnaire based on the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood phase III that has been validated for Indonesians.
resultsThe proportion of LPR in the OME group was significantly higher than in the non-OME group, at 78.3% and 52.2%. The probability of OME occurrence in patients with LPR was 3.3 times higher than in patients without LPR (OR 3.3; 95% CI 1.33 to 8.189; p=0.01). There was no significant relationship between adenoid hypertrophy and OME (p=0.211; 95% CI 0.71 to 3.97), and also between allergic rhinitis and OME (p=0.463; 95% CI 0.61 to 4.28).
conclusionThe probability of OME occurrence in patients with LPR was 3.3 times higher than in patients without LPR. LPR should be considered in patients with OME and vice versa.
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