ArticleBMJ open2022
Investigating households' out-of-pocket healthcare expenditures based on number of chronic conditions in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study using quantile regression approach.
Article in BMJ open, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 11 citations in OpenAlex.
- Determinants of private health insurance uptake and its association with healthcare utilization in Gulf Cooperation Council countries: a systematic review.Global health action · 2026Pooled it
- Private health insurance in Gulf Cooperation Council countries: A scoping review.Health policy OPEN · 2026Review
- Marginalized two part model for analyzing multilevel semicontinuous medical costs in Iranian households.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Impact of the Cooperative Health Insurance System in Saudi Arabia on Universal Health Coverage-A Systematic Literature Review.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Healthcare Financing in Saudi Arabia: A Comprehensive Review.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Estimating the out-of-pocket health expenditure in patients under 5 years with severe malnutrition in Afghanistan in 2023: Findings from a cross-sectional study.Health science reports · 2024Article
- Determinants of out-of-pocket expenditure on medicines among adults in Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study.Frontiers in medicine · 2024Article
- The status of Saudi measures of deprivation: A review with policy recommendations on a missing indicator in Saudi epidemiologic research.Journal of family & community medicineReview
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Authors and funding
14 authors at 5 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesThis study investigated the level and associated factors, focusing on the number of individuals with chronic conditions, of out-of-pocket healthcare expenditures (OOPHE).
designA cross-sectional study was conducted from January 2021 to June 2021.
settingRiyadh Province, Saudi Arabia.
participantsA total of 1176 households that used any healthcare services at least once in the past 3 months. OUTCOME MEASURES: The OOPHE incurred in the previous 3-month period when a household member is receiving health services. The effects of predisposing, enabling and need factors on the level of OOPHE. The association between the number of individuals with chronic conditions in a household and OOPHE along with the OOPHE distribution.
resultsThe average household OOPHE among all the surveyed households (n=1176) was SAR1775.30. For households affected by one chronic condition, OOPHE was SAR1806, and for households affected by more than one chronic condition, OOPHE was SAR2704. If the head of the household was older, better educated and employed, they were more vulnerable to a higher OOPHE (p<0.0001). At the household level, the increased number of family members with chronic conditions, the presence of a member less than 14 years old, higher socioeconomic status, coverage from health insurance plans, residence in an urban area and the presence of a member with a disability in the household were correlated with a considerably greater level of OOPHE (p<0.0001). The result of quantile regression analysis indicates that an increase in the number of members with chronic conditions in a household was significantly associated with greater overall OOPHE at higher health expenditure quantiles.
conclusionsThe burden of OOPHE on households with chronic conditions remains heavy, and some disparities still exist. The number of individuals with chronic conditions in a household plays a substantial and prominent role in increasing the risk of incurring OOPHE.
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