ArticleSex roles2022
The G-NORM Scale: Development and Validation of a Theory-Based Gender Norms Scale.
Article in Sex roles, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
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12 citing papers in PubMed.
- Psychometric validation of a novel community norms measure among youth, Eswatini Violence Against Children and Youth Survey, 2022.PloS one · 2026Article
- Social mechanisms of maternal health service use among pregnant women facing intersecting vulnerabilities in Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study.BMJ public health · 2026Article
- Gender norms in sexual and reproductive health and rights: insights from young Angolan women and the development of a context-specific questionnaire (2021-2022).Archives of public health = Archives belges de sante publique · 2025Article
- How gender norms and interpersonal communication are associated with gender-based violence attitudes and intentions to intervene: Secondary outcome findings from Odisha, India.Journal of public health research · 2025Article
- Effect of trust in village health workers on the use of facility-based follow-up postnatal care services in two districts in the Lao People's Democratic Republic.Tropical medicine and health · 2025Article
- How does a recent gender norms scale perform? Exploratory factor analyses among adolescents in Ethiopia and Bangladesh.PLOS global public health · 2025Article
- Development of a multidomain gender norm attitude scale for youth in Bangladesh.Preventive medicine reports · 2024Article
- Article
- National norms for the obstetric nurses' and midwives' health education competence, and its influencing factors: a nationwide cross-sectional study.BMC medical education · 2024Article
- Article
- Validation of the Fertility Norms Scale and Association with Fertility Intention and Contraceptive Use in India.Studies in family planning · 2023Article
- Development and Evaluation of an Index to Measure the Ability to Get Vaccinated for COVID-19.Vaccines · 2023Article
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5 authors.
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Abstract
Gender norms are increasingly recognized as important modifiers of health. Despite growing awareness of how gender norms affect health behavior, current gender norms scales are often missing two important theoretical components: differentiating between descriptive and injunctive norms and adding a referent group. We used a mixed-methods approach to develop and validate a novel gender norms scale that includes both theoretical components. Based on qualitative data, the theory of normative social behavior, and the theory of gender and power, we generated a pool of 28 items. We included the items in a baseline questionnaire among 3,110 women in Odisha, India as part of a cluster randomized controlled trial. We then ran exploratory factor analysis which resulted in 18 items. Using a second wave of data with the same sample, we evaluated psychometric properties using confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling. The analysis resulted in two subscales with nine items each, "descriptive gender norms" and "injunctive gender norms." Both subscales represent high internal validity with Cronbach's alpha values of 0.81 and 0.84 and the combined scale has an alpha of 0.87. The G-NORM, gender norms scale, improves on existing measures by providing distinct descriptive and injunctive norms subscales and moving beyond individual attitudes by assessing women's perceptions of community-level gender norms.
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