Intersections between environmental reward availability, loss aversion, and delay discounting as potential risk factors for cigarette smoking and other substance use.

Behavioral theory suggests that density of environmental rewarding activities and biases in decision making influence risk for substance use disorder (SUD). To better understand intersections of these potential risk factors, this study examined whether environmental reward predicted smoking status or other drug use and whether such associations were independent of two decision-making biases known to predict SUD risk, namely loss aversion and delay discounting. Individuals that reported current daily cigarette smoking (n = 186; >10 cigarettes/day) and never-smoking (n = 241; <100 cigarettes lifetime) were recruited with standard crowdsourcing methods. Participants answered questions on alcohol and other drug use. Environmental reward was assessed using the Reward Probability Index (RPI), and loss aversion (LA) and delay discounting (DD) using a gamble-acceptance task and monetary choice questionnaire, respectively. Associations of RPI, LA, and DD with cigarette smoking, alcohol use, other drug use, and combinations of co-use were examined with logistic regression controlling for sociodemographic variables (educational attainment, gender, age). Low RPI (odds ratio[OR] = 0.97, p = .006), low LA (OR = 1.22, p < .001), and high DD (OR = 1.12, p = .03), were each independently associated with increased risk for cigarette smoking, as well as other substance use, and use combinations. We saw no evidence that RPI was significantly influencing associations between LA and DD with smoking status or other substance use. Finally, RPI, but not LA or DD, was significantly associated with depressed mood and sleep disturbance. These results provide new evidence on associations of RPI with smoking status and other substance use while further documenting independent associations between LA and DD and those outcomes.