SynthesisBrain, behavior, and immunity2023
A systematic review and meta-analysis of the stability of peripheral immune markers in healthy adults.
Synthesis in Brain, behavior, and immunity, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
28 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Immune and oxidative stress biomarkers in pediatric psychosis and psychosis-risk: Meta-analyses and systematic review.Brain, behavior, and immunity · 2024Pooled it
- Associations between immuno-metabolic markers, working memory, and functional brain activation in depressive and anxiety disorders.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2026Article
- Inflammatory biomarkers and risk of postmenopausal oestrogen receptor-positive breast cancer: a case-cohort analysis.British journal of cancer · 2026Article
- Common and distinct plasma proteomic signature of aerobic and motor physical activity interventions and their link to episodic memory.GeroScience · 2026Article
- Negative affect and peripheral inflammation: The role of cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression.Health psychology : official journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association · 2026Article
- Blood biomarker trajectories in ICU-directed prediction models - A scoping review.The EPMA journal · 2026Review
- Systemic inflammation and ex vivo inflammatory responses in first semester university students.Psychoneuroendocrinology · 2026Article
- Peripheral inflammation mediates the relationship between early life stress and alcohol use.Psychopharmacology · 2026Article
- Regulatory Effects of a Lipid-Lowering StrainAquaculture nutrition · 2026Article
- Letter to the editor: The association between frailty index and all-cause mortality in US individuals with kidney stones.Urolithiasis · 2025Article
- Emotion regulation as a protective factor in the association between stress and inflammation in older adults.Health psychology : official journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association · 2025Article
- Higher interleukin-6 (IL-6) is associated with decline in psychomotor processing speed but not executive functioning in older adults: Gender-specific effects.The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences · 2025Article
- Executive function and soluble urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR): a longitudinal study of midlife adults.Brain, behavior, and immunity · 2025Article
- Examining whether inflammation mediates effects of genetic risk and trauma on psychopathology.BJPsych open · 2025Article
- Value-based cognitive control moderates the relation of inflammation with depression in adolescents.Social cognitive and affective neuroscience · 2025Article
- Editorial: Innovative approaches to catalyze preclinical and clinical research on amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and related disorders.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2025Article
- Methylation patterns associated with C-reactive protein in racially and ethnically diverse populations.Epigenetics · 2024Article
- Inflammation is associated with pain and fatigue in older adults.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2024Article
- Pre-diagnostic plasma inflammatory proteins and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in three population-based cohort studies from the United States and the United Kingdom.International journal of cancer · 2024Article
- The researcher's guide to selecting biomarkers in mental health studies.BioEssays : news and reviews in molecular, cellular and developmental biology · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
12 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Peripheral immune markers are widely used to predict risk for inflammatory disease. However, whether single assessments of inflammatory biomarkers represent stable individual differences remains unclear. We reviewed 50 studies (N = 48,674; 57 % male; mean age 54 (range 13-79) years) that assessed markers of inflammation on >1 occasion, with time between measures ranging from 24 h to 7+ years. Separate random effects meta-analyses were conducted for each inflammatory marker and time interval. Markers that had broad coverage across most time intervals included C-reactive protein (CRP; k = 37), interleukin (IL)-6 (k = 22), TNF-α (k = 10), and fibrinogen (Fg; k = 9). For CRP, IL-6, and TNF-α, stability estimates generally decreased with time, with strong to moderate stability over intervals <6 months (r's = 0.80-0.61), modest to moderate stability over 6 months - 3 years (r's = 0.60-0.51), and low stability for >3 years (r's = 0.39-0.30). Estimates were less reliable for Fg for time intervals ≤ 3 years although they generally followed the same pattern; more reliable findings suggested greater stability for Fg than other markers for intervals >3 years (r = 0.53). These findings suggest that single measures of inflammatory biomarkers may be an adequate index of stable individual differences in the short term (<6 months), with repeated measures of inflammatory biomarkers recommended over intervals ≥ 6 months to 3 years, and absolutely necessary over intervals >3 years to reliably identify stable individual differences in health risk. These findings are consistent with stability estimates and clinical recommendations for repeated measurement of other cardiovascular measures of risk (e.g., blood lipids, blood pressure).
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.