ArticlePhotochemical & photobiological sciences : Official journal of the European Photochemistry Association and the European Society for Photobiology2023
Toluidine blue O directly and photodynamically impairs the bioenergetics of liver mitochondria: a potential mechanism of hepatotoxicity.
Article in Photochemical & photobiological sciences : Official journal of the European Photochemistry Association and the European Society for Photobiology, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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3 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 7 citations in OpenAlex.
- Efficacy of photodynamic therapy with various photosensitizers for peri-implantitis treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.Lasers in medical science · 2025Pooled it
- Effects of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy with zinc oxide and toluidine blue on Streptococcus mutans accumulation in polymethyl methacrylate resin used in orthodontic appliances.Lasers in medical science · 2025Article
- Machine Learning-Driven Identification of Exosome-Related Genes in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma for Prognostic Evaluation and Drug Response Prediction.Biomedicines · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
21 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
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Abstract
Toluidine blue O (TBO) is a phenothiazine dye that, due to its photochemical characteristics and high affinity for biomembranes, has been revealed as a new photosensitizer (PS) option for antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (PDT). This points to a possible association with membranous organelles like mitochondrion. Therefore, here we investigated its effects on mitochondrial bioenergetic functions both in the dark and under photostimulation. Two experimental systems were utilized: (a) isolated rat liver mitochondria and (b) isolated perfused rat liver. Our data revealed that, independently of photostimulation, TBO presented affinity for mitochondria. Under photostimulation, TBO increased the protein carbonylation and lipid peroxidation levels (up to 109.40 and 119.87%, respectively) and decreased the reduced glutathione levels (59.72%) in mitochondria. TBO also uncoupled oxidative phosphorylation and photoinactivated the respiratory chain complexes I, II, and IV, as well as the F
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