ArticleThe Biochemical journal2022
TOR complex 2 is a master regulator of plasma membrane homeostasis.
Article in The Biochemical journal, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers.
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Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 35 citations in OpenAlex.
- Uncoupling of nutrient sensing and cell size control by specific defects in ceramide structure.Biology open · 2026Article
- Cryptococcus neoformans adapts to host CO2 concentrations via metabolic and stress-response remodeling.PLoS biology · 2026Article
- Functional analysis of target of rapamycin in regulating mycelial growth and development in Penicillium italicum.International microbiology : the official journal of the Spanish Society for Microbiology · 2026Article
- TORC2 coordinates MBF-dependent transcription and restrains oxidative stress responses during DNA replication stress in fission yeast.The Journal of biological chemistry · 2026Article
- A dynamic feedback loop between retrograde sterol transport and TORC2 controls adaptation of the plasma membrane to stress.The EMBO journal · 2025Article
- Article
- NADCells · 2025Review
- Non-dikarya fungi share the TORC1 pathway with animals, not with Saccharomyces cerevisiae.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Chromosome mis-segregation triggers cell cycle arrest through a mechanosensitive nuclear envelope checkpoint.Nature cell biology · 2025Article
- Making PI3K superfamily enzymes run faster.Advances in biological regulation · 2025Review
- Casein kinase 1 controls components of a TORC2 signaling network in budding yeast.Journal of cell science · 2024Article
- Activation of the cell wall integrity pathway negatively regulates TORC2-Ypk1/2 signaling through blocking eisosome disassembly in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.Communications biology · 2024Article
- Flipping the script: Advances in understanding how and why P4-ATPases flip lipid across membranes.Biochimica et biophysica acta. Molecular cell research · 2024Review
- Article
- The mTORC2 signaling network: targets and cross-talks.The Biochemical journal · 2024Review
- TOR Complex 1: Orchestrating Nutrient Signaling and Cell Cycle Progression.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Cryptococcus neoformans adapts to the host environment through TOR-mediated remodeling of phospholipid asymmetry.Nature communications · 2023Article
- The Case for the Target of Rapamycin Pathway as a Candidate Circadian Oscillator.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- The Ypk1 protein kinase signaling pathway is rewired and not essential for viability in Candida albicans.PLoS genetics · 2023Article
- The Yeast Protein Kinase Sch9 Functions as a Central Nutrient-Responsive Hub That Calibrates Metabolic and Stress-Related Responses.Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
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Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
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Abstract
As first demonstrated in budding yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), all eukaryotic cells contain two, distinct multi-component protein kinase complexes that each harbor the TOR (Target Of Rapamycin) polypeptide as the catalytic subunit. These ensembles, dubbed TORC1 and TORC2, function as universal, centrally important sensors, integrators, and controllers of eukaryotic cell growth and homeostasis. TORC1, activated on the cytosolic surface of the lysosome (or, in yeast, on the cytosolic surface of the vacuole), has emerged as a primary nutrient sensor that promotes cellular biosynthesis and suppresses autophagy. TORC2, located primarily at the plasma membrane, plays a major role in maintaining the proper levels and bilayer distribution of all plasma membrane components (sphingolipids, glycerophospholipids, sterols, and integral membrane proteins). This article surveys what we have learned about signaling via the TORC2 complex, largely through studies conducted in S. cerevisiae. In this yeast, conditions that challenge plasma membrane integrity can, depending on the nature of the stress, stimulate or inhibit TORC2, resulting in, respectively, up-regulation or down-regulation of the phosphorylation and thus the activity of its essential downstream effector the AGC family protein kinase Ypk1. Through the ensuing effect on the efficiency with which Ypk1 phosphorylates multiple substrates that control diverse processes, membrane homeostasis is maintained. Thus, the major focus here is on TORC2, Ypk1, and the multifarious targets of Ypk1 and how the functions of these substrates are regulated by their Ypk1-mediated phosphorylation, with emphasis on recent advances in our understanding of these processes.
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