Observational studyThe Journal of nutrition2023
Prenatal Perception of WIC Breastfeeding Recommendations Predicts Breastfeeding Exclusivity and Duration in the Infants' First Year.
Observational study in The Journal of nutrition, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed, 8 citations in OpenAlex.
- Defining and measuring maternal intentions and practices regarding infant feeding: a scoping review.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2026Article
- Payor status is associated with guideline-concordant skin-to-skin contact at an urban hospital in south central United States: a retrospective cohort study.International breastfeeding journal · 2026Article
- Understanding the role of mothers and other caregivers in the context of infant feeding using the family ecological model.Appetite · 2025Article
- Article
- Familial sources of encouragement and breast-feeding practices among women participating in the US Special Supplemental Nutrition Programme for Women, Infants and Children.Public health nutrition · 2023Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 5 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundPregnant participants who perceived that the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) recommends breastfeeding only were more likely to have better early breastfeeding outcomes.
objectivesOur objective was to examine the association between prenatal perception of WIC's breastfeeding recommendations and breastfeeding duration through the first year of infant life.
methodsThis observational study used a national longitudinal sample of 1594 pregnant participants in the WIC Infant and Toddler Feeding Practices Study-2 in 2013. Four measures of breastfeeding duration were used: 1) a discrete measure of exclusive breastfeeding through 5 mo; 2) a continuous measure of exclusive breastfeeding (in days up to 7 mo); 3) a discrete measure of any breastfeeding through 11 mo; and 4) a continuous measure of any breastfeeding (in days up to 13 mo). The primary explanatory variable was the participant's prenatal perception of whether WIC recommended breastfeeding only. The univariate analyses of time to breastfeeding cessation were performed using Kaplan-Meier curves. The Cox regression model was adopted to estimate the likelihood of breastfeeding outcomes over time. All analyses accounted for complex survey design effects.
resultsCompared with their peers who perceived WIC to recommend formula only or both breastfeeding and formula equally, participants who perceived WIC as recommending breastfeeding only were less likely to stop exclusive breastfeeding through 5 mo (HR = 0.83; 95% CI: 0.69, 0.99) or to stop any breastfeeding through 11 mo (HR = 0.80; 95% CI: 0.69, 0.92), without controlling for prenatal infant feeding intentions. Similar patterns were observed in the 2 continuous measures, as they were also less likely to stop exclusive breastfeeding by 7 mo (HR = 0.78; 95% CI: 0.69, 0.90) or to stop any breastfeeding by 13 mo (HR = 0.82; 95% CI: 0.71, 0.95).
conclusionsPrenatal perception of WIC's breastfeeding recommendation can be a useful predictor of breastfeeding duration in WIC participants.
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Registered trials
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