ArticleInternational journal of environmental research and public health2022
Regression-Based Normative Data for Independent and Cognitively Active Spanish Older Adults: Verbal Fluency Tests and Boston Naming Test.
Article in International journal of environmental research and public health, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 12 citations in OpenAlex.
- A Systematic Review of Available Normative Data on Neuropsychological Tests for Spanish Speakers in the U.S., Latin America and the Caribbean, and Spain.Neuropsychology review · 2026Pooled it
- Development and Validation of Regression-based Neuropsychological Testing Norms for Peruvian adults to detect HIV-associated Neurocognitive Impairment.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Towards a speech-based digital biomarker for cognitive impairment: speech as a proxy for cognitive assessment.NPJ digital medicine · 2026Article
- Dissecting real-world memory clinical cohort heterogeneity: analysis of neuroanatomical subtypes using HYDRA.Alzheimer's research & therapy · 2025Article
- Adherence to the Mediterranean diet and waist-to-hip ratio in middle-aged postmenopausal women are the main factors associated with semantic verbal fluency 12 years later.Frontiers in nutrition · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
An increased cognitive reserve is associated with changes in the pattern of cognitive decline during aging. Thus, normative data adapted to the characteristics of the target population are needed to reduce the possibility of false diagnoses. The aim of this work was to develop normative data for the Phonemic Verbal Fluency test, the Semantic Verbal Fluency test and the Boston Naming Test (BNT).
methodRegression-based normative data were calculated from a sample of 118 non-depressed, cognitively active, independent community-dwelling adults aged 55 or older (64.4% women) from SABIEX (University for Seniors at the Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche). Raw scores were regressed on age, sex, and education.
resultsThe effects of age and education varied across neuropsychological measures. No effect of sex was found in any of the tests assessed. Statistically significant differences were found in the proportion of low scores using SABIEX or population-based normative datasets. The level of agreement identifying individuals labeled as showing one or more low scores was only fair-to-good.
conclusionsNormative data obtained from the general population might not be sensitive to identify low scores in cognitively active older adults, increasing the risk of misdiagnoses. A friendly calculator is available for neuropsychological assessment.
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