ArticleNeuroImage. Clinical2022
The relationship between adolescents' externalizing and internalizing symptoms and brain development over a period of three years.
Article in NeuroImage. Clinical, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
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Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed, 11 citations in OpenAlex.
- Plasma Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP) shows age-dependent associations with externalizing psychopathology and atypical brain connectivity.Translational psychiatry · 2026Article
- Neonatal Brain Volumes and Early Parenting Behavior as Mediators in Associations Between Prenatal Social Disadvantage and Socioemotional Problems in Toddlers.Biological psychiatry · 2026Article
- Brain Age in Conduct Disorder:: A Mega-Analysis of the ENIGMA Antisocial Behavior Working Group.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Using deep learning to predict internalizing problems from brain structure in youth.Translational psychiatry · 2025Article
- Using deep learning to predict internalizing problems from brain structure in youth.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Connectomics modeling of regional networks of white-matter fractional anisotropy to predict the severity of young adult drinking.Quantitative imaging in medicine and surgery · 2025Article
- Smaller hippocampal volume is associated with anxiety symptoms in high-risk Black youth.Journal of mood and anxiety disorders · 2024Article
- Cerebellar volume and functional connectivity in neonates predicts social and emotional development in toddlers.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2024Article
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 5 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundAdolescence is a crucial period for both brain maturation and the emergence of mental health disorders. Associations between brain morphology and internalizing/externalizing symptomatology have been identified in clinical or at-risk samples, but age-related developmental differences were rarely considered. The current study investigated the longitudinal relationship between internalizing/externalizing symptoms and brain development in the absence of psychiatric disorders during early and late adolescence.
methods98 healthy adolescents within two cohorts (younger: 9 years, older: 12 years) participated in annual assessments for three years; a clinical assessment measuring their externalizing and internalizing symptoms (SDQ) and an MRI assessment measuring their brain volume and white matter microstructure, including fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity (MD) and average path length.
resultsLinear mixed effect models and cross-lagged panel models showed that larger subcortical gray matter volume predicted more externalizing symptoms in older adolescents whereas decreases of subcortical gray matter volume predicted more externalizing symptoms for younger adolescents. Additionally, longer average white matter path length predicted more externalizing symptoms for older adolescents, while decreases in cerebral white matter volume were predictive of more externalizing symptoms for younger adolescents. There were no predictive effects for internalizing symptoms, FA or MD.
conclusionsDelays in subcortical brain maturation, in both early and late adolescence, are associated with increases in externalizing behavior which indicates a higher risk for psychopathology and warrants further investigations.
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