ArticlePloS one2022
Interleukin-17, a salivary biomarker for COVID-19 severity.
Article in PloS one, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 28 citations in OpenAlex.
- Inflammation, Endothelial Dysfunction, and Frailty Over 3 Years in Survivors of COVID-19 ARDS vs Pneumonia.CHEST critical care · 2026Article
- Interleukins in COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 Variants: Immunopathogenesis, Therapeutic Perspectives and Vaccine-Induced Immune Responses.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Increased anti-nucleocapsid secretory IgA and consumption of complement component 3 in post-COVID syndrome patients.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- IL-17 stimulates erythropoiesis in vivo by amplifying the response of erythroid progenitors to erythropoietin.PLoS biology · 2025Article
- COVID-19 and Lung Cancer Interactions: A Literature Review.Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Article
- Analysis of Biomarker Levels in Nasopharyngeal Swabs, Serum, and Saliva Across Different Health Conditions.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Biomarkers for SARS-CoV-2 infection. A narrative review.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Review
- How do deer respiratory epithelial cells weather the initial storm of SARS-CoV-2 WA1/2020 strain?Microbiology spectrum · 2024Article
- Article
- Circulating IL-17F, but not IL-17A, is elevated in severe COVID-19 and leads to an ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK-dependent increase in ICAM-1 cell surface expression and neutrophil adhesion on endothelial cells.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Observational
- Immunity in SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Clarity or Mystery? A Broader Perspective in the Third Year of a Worldwide Pandemic.Archivum immunologiae et therapiae experimentalis · 2023Review
- Effect of antiviral and immunomodulatory treatment on a cytokine profile in patients with COVID-19.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Candidate Biomarkers.The Eurasian journal of medicine · 2022Article
- Convergence of inflammatory response: Salivary cytokine dynamics in coronavirus disease 2019 and periodontal disease.Journal of Indian Society of PeriodontologyArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors at 6 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesT-helper 17 cell-mediated response and their effector IL-17 cytokine induced by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is a major cause of COVID-19 disease severity and death. Therefore, the study aimed to determine if IL-17 level in saliva mirrors its circulatory level and hence can be used as a non-invasive biomarker for disease severity.
methodsInterleukin-17 (IL-17) level was evaluated by ELISA in saliva and blood of 201 adult COVID-19 patients with different levels of severity. The IL-17 saliva level was also associated with COVID-19 disease severity, and need for mechanical ventilation and/or death within 29 days after admission of severe COVID-19 patients.
resultsWe found that IL-17 level in saliva of COVID-19 patients reflected its circulatory level. High IL-17 level in saliva was associated with COVID-19 severity (P<0.001), need for mechanical ventilation (P = 0.002), and/or death by 29 days (P = 0.002), after adjusting for patients' demographics, comorbidity, and COVID-19 serum severity markers such as D-Dimer, C-reactive protein, and ferritin.
conclusionWe propose that saliva IL-17 level could be used as a biomarker to identify patients at risk of developing severe COVID-19.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.