ReviewToxins2022
Antibodies as Snakebite Antivenoms: Past and Future.
Review in Toxins, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 37 citations in OpenAlex.
- Immunological Cross-Reactivity and Neutralizing Efficacy of Antivenom Against Five Medically Important Iranian Viper Venoms.Veterinary medicine and science · 2026Article
- Conserved Enzymatic Peptides inInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Outcomes Associated With the Timing of Antivenom Administration in Bothrops and Crotalus Snakebite Envenomations.Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical · 2026Article
- Cure of experimentalmBio · 2025Article
- Sequencing of Polyclonal Antibodies by Integrating Intact Mass, Middle-Down, and De Novo Bottom-Up Mass Spectrometry.Molecular & cellular proteomics : MCP · 2025Article
- Maresin 2, a Specialized Pro-Resolution Lipid Mediator, Reduces Pain and Inflammation Induced byToxins · 2025Article
- Plant-Derived Lapachol Analogs as Selective Metalloprotease Inhibitors AgainstInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- High throughput identification of human monoclonal antibodies and heavy-chain-only antibodies to treat snakebite.Toxicon: X · 2024Article
- Review
- The Potential of Single-Chain Variable Fragment Antibody: Role in Future Therapeutic and Diagnostic Biologics.Journal of immunology research · 2024Review
- Effective Pre-Clinical Treatment of Fish Envenoming with Polyclonal Antiserum.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Mechanical ventilation in snake envenomation of dogs and cats.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Snakebite envenomation is considered a neglected tropical disease, affecting tens of thousands of people each year. The recommended treatment is the use of antivenom, which is composed of immunoglobulins or immunoglobulin fragments obtained from the plasma of animals hyperimmunized with one (monospecific) or several (polyspecific) venoms. In this review, the efforts made in the improvement of the already available antivenoms and the development of new antivenoms, focusing on snakes of medical importance from sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America, are described. Some antivenoms currently used are composed of whole IgGs, whereas others use F(ab')2 fragments. The classic methods of attaining snake antivenoms are presented, in addition to new strategies to improve their effectiveness. Punctual changes in immunization protocols, in addition to the use of cross-reactivity between venoms from different snakes for the manufacture of more potent and widely used antivenoms, are presented. It is known that venoms are a complex mixture of components; however, advances in the field of antivenoms have shown that there are key toxins that, if effectively blocked, are capable of reversing the condition of in vivo envenomation. These studies provide an opportunity for the use of monoclonal antibodies in the development of new-generation antivenoms. Thus, monoclonal antibodies and their fragments are described as a possible alternative for the production of antivenoms, regardless of the venom. This review also highlights the challenges associated with their development.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.