ArticleTropical medicine and health2022
Phenotypic detection of methicillin resistance, biofilm production, and inducible clindamycin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus clinical isolates in Kathmandu, Nepal.
Article in Tropical medicine and health, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
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7 citing papers in PubMed, 11 citations in OpenAlex.
- Predominance of SCCmec type III, multidrug resistance, and evidence of ica-independent biofilm formation among clinical Staphylococcus aureus isolates in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity of a novel bacteriophage endolysin (LysSW21) against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.BMC microbiology · 2026Article
- Mycosynthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Mucor racemosus with their antimicrobial, antibiofilm, anticancer and antioxidant activities.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Biofilm formation, methicillin resistance and SCCmec types among Staphylococcus aureus isolated from clinical samples from a tertiary care hospital, in Nepal.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Recent development and fighting strategies for lincosamide antibiotic resistance.Clinical microbiology reviews · 2024Review
- Detection ofPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Differences in Biofilm Formation by Methicillin-Resistant and Methicillin-SusceptibleDiseases (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionMethicillin resistance, inducible clindamycin resistance (ICR), biofilm production, and increased minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of vancomycin in Staphylococcus aureus are major causes of antibiotic treatment failure and increased morbidity and mortality. The surveillance of such isolates and the study of their antimicrobial pattern are essential in managing the infections caused by these isolates. This study aimed to determine methicillin resistance, biofilm production, and ICR in S. aureus isolates from a tertiary care hospital in Kathmandu, Nepal. MATERIALS AND
methodsA total of 217 S. aureus isolated from different samples were processed following standard laboratory procedures. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed by the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion technique. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) were identified by the cefoxitin disk diffusion test, and biofilm producers were examined using the microtiter plate technique. D-test and E-test were performed to determine inducible clindamycin resistance and minimum inhibitory concentration of vancomycin, respectively.
resultsAmong the 217 S. aureus isolates, 78.3% were multidrug-resistant (MDR), 47.0% were MRSA, 62.2% were biofilm producers, and 50.7% showed ICR. All MRSA isolates exhibited MIC levels of vancomycin within the susceptible range. Biofilm producers and MRSA isolates showed elevated antimicrobial resistance. MRSA was significantly associated with MDR. Biofilm-producing and multidrug-resistant MRSA isolates showed significantly higher MIC levels of vancomycin (p = 0.0013 and < 0.0001, respectively), while ICR was significantly higher in MDR (p = 0.0001) isolates.
conclusionHigh multidrug resistance, MRSA, and ICR in this study call for routine evaluation of antibiotic susceptibility patterns of S. aureus. Vancomycin can be used to treat serious staphylococcal infections. Clindamycin should be prescribed only after performing the D-test. Drugs like teicoplanin, chloramphenicol, doxycycline, amikacin, and levofloxacin can treat MRSA infections.
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