Trial reportThe American journal of clinical nutrition2022
The impact of almonds and almond processing on gastrointestinal physiology, luminal microbiology, and gastrointestinal symptoms: a randomized controlled trial and mastication study.
Trial report in The American journal of clinical nutrition, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT03581812 (Snack Foods and Their Impact on Gastrointestinal Physiology, Luminal Microbiology and Gastrointestinal Symptoms), which is not on this map. Cited by 18 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Snack Foods and Their Impact on Gastrointestinal Physiology, Luminal Microbiology and Gastrointestinal Symptoms
Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 25 citations in OpenAlex.
- Fiber intake and laxation in people with normal bowel function: a systematic review.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2026Pooled it
- Effects of Nut Intake on Gut Microbiome Composition and Gut Function in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2025Pooled it
- A multifaceted lifestyle program for weight loss in overweight adults: evidence from a randomised clinical trial.European journal of nutrition · 2026Trial
- Snack quality and snack timing are associated with cardiometabolic blood markers: the ZOE PREDICT study.European journal of nutrition · 2024Trial
- Trial
- Review
- The Role of Food Structure on Fatty Acid Bioaccessibility: A Decade of TIM-1 Simulated Digestion Studies in Review.Molecular nutrition & food research · 2026Review
- Mechanisms of multi-organ damage in Wilson disease from the gut-liver-brain axis perspective: copper metabolism, gut microbiota, and metabolite communication.Frontiers in microbiology · 2026Review
- A conceptual framework integrating mechanisms linking nut consumption and energy balance.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Review
- Therapeutic potential of natural compounds from medicinal and food homology substances targeting gut microbiota in lipid metabolism disorders.Frontiers in microbiology · 2026Review
- Almond snacking modulates gut microbiome and metabolome in association with improved cardiometabolic and inflammatory markers.NPJ science of food · 2025Article
- Perspective: Current Scientific Evidence and Research Strategies in the Role of Almonds in Cardiometabolic Health.Current developments in nutrition · 2025Article
- The Effects of Almond Consumption on Cardiovascular Health and Gut Microbiome: A Comprehensive Review.Nutrients · 2024Review
- Gut Microbiota Fermentation of Digested Almond-Psyllium-Flax Seed-Based Artisan Bread Promotes Mediterranean Diet-Resembling Microbial Community.Microorganisms · 2024Article
- Cultivar and Harvest Time of Almonds Affect Their Antioxidant and Nutritional Profile through Gut Microbiota Modifications.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Perspective: Challenges and Future Directions in Clinical Research with Nuts and Berries.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2023Article
- Gastrointestinal Transit Times in Health as Determined Using Ingestible Capsule Systems: A Systematic Review.Journal of clinical medicine · 2023Review
- Effect of Nuts on Gastrointestinal Health.Nutrients · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors at 5 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundAlmonds contain lipid, fiber, and polyphenols and possess physicochemical properties that affect nutrient bioaccessibility, which are hypothesized to affect gut physiology and microbiota.
objectivesTo investigate the impact of whole almonds and ground almonds (almond flour) on fecal bifidobacteria (primary outcome), gut microbiota composition, and gut transit time.
methodsHealthy adults (n = 87) participated in a parallel, 3-arm randomized controlled trial. Participants received whole almonds (56 g/d), ground almonds (56 g/d), or an isocaloric control in place of habitual snacks for 4 wk. Gut microbiota composition and diversity (16S rRNA gene sequencing), SCFAs (GC), volatile organic compounds (GC-MS), gut transit time (wireless motility capsule), stool output and gut symptoms (7-d diary) were measured at baseline and endpoint. The impact of almond form on particle size distribution (PSD) and predicted lipid release was measured (n = 31).
resultsModified intention-to-treat analysis was performed on 79 participants. There were no significant differences in mean ± SD abundance of fecal bifidobacteria after consumption of whole almonds (8.7% ± 7.7%), ground almonds (7.8% ± 6.9%), or control (13.0% ± 10.2%; q = 0.613). Consumption of almonds (whole and ground pooled) resulted in higher mean ± SD butyrate (24.1 ± 15.0 μmol/g) than control (18.2 ± 9.1 μmol/g; P = 0.046). There was no effect of almonds on gut microbiota at the phylum level or diversity, gut transit time, stool consistency, or gut symptoms. Almond form (whole compared with ground) had no effect on study outcomes. Ground almonds resulted in significantly smaller PSD and higher mean ± SD predicted lipid release (10.4% ± 1.8%) than whole almonds (9.3% ± 2.0%; P = 0.017).
conclusionsAlmond consumption has limited impact on microbiota composition but increases butyrate in adults, suggesting positive alterations to microbiota functionality. Almonds can be incorporated into the diet to increase fiber consumption without gut symptoms.This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03581812.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.