Evidence map›Paper›PMID 36130220›Full record

ArticlePhysical therapy2022

The Ziegler Test Is Reliable and Valid for Measuring Freezing of Gait in People With Parkinson Disease.

Lina Goh, Serene S Paul, Colleen G Canning, Kaylena A Ehgoetz Martens, Jooeun Song, Stephanie L Campoy, Natalie E Allen

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Physical therapy, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
5citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

5 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. What is new in Freezing of Gait?Journal of neurology · 2026
    Review
  3. Article
  4. Article
  5. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Lina GohSchool of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.ORCID 0000-0002-9369-7067
Serene S PaulSchool of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.ORCID 0000-0002-3593-1396
Colleen G CanningSchool of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
Kaylena A Ehgoetz MartensDepartment of Kinesiology, Faculty of Health, The University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
Jooeun SongSchool of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
Stephanie L CampoySchool of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
Natalie E AllenSchool of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectiveThe purpose of this study was to determine interrater and test-retest reliability of the Ziegler test to measure freezing of gait (FOG) severity in people with Parkinson disease. Secondary aims were to evaluate test validity and explore Ziegler test duration as a proxy FOG severity measure.

methodsPhysical therapists watched 36 videos of people with Parkinson disease and FOG perform the Ziegler test and rated FOG severity using the rating scale in real time. Two researchers rated 12 additional videos and repeated the ratings at least 1 week later. Interrater and test-retest reliability were calculated using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs). Bland-Altman plots were used to visualize agreement between the researchers for test-retest reliability. Correlations between the Ziegler scores, Ziegler test duration, and percentage of time frozen (based on video annotations) were determined using Pearson r.

resultsTwenty-four physical therapists participated. Overall, the Ziegler test showed good interrater (ICC2,1 = 0.80; 95% CI = 0.65-0.92) and excellent test-retest (ICC3,1 = 0.91; 95% CI = 0.82-0.96) reliability when used to measure FOG. It was also a valid measure, with a high correlation (r = 0.72) between the scores and percentage of time frozen. Ziegler test duration was moderately correlated (r = 0.67) with percentage of time frozen and may be considered a proxy FOG severity measure.

conclusionThe Ziegler test is a reliable and valid tool to measure FOG when used by physical therapists in real time. Ziegler test duration may be used as a proxy for measuring FOG severity. IMPACT: Despite FOG being a significant contributor to falls and poor mobility in people with Parkinson disease, current tools to assess FOG are either not suitably responsive or too resource intensive for use in clinical settings. The Ziegler test is a reliable and valid measure of FOG, suitable for clinical use, and may be used by physical therapists regardless of their level of clinical experience.

Indexed as

Gait Disorders, NeurologicParkinson DiseaseGaitHumansReproducibility of ResultsFreezing of GaitParkinson DiseaseReliabilityValidityZiegler Test

Identifiers

PMID36130220
PMCPMC10071484

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY-NC
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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.