ArticleEClinicalMedicine2022
Natural and hybrid immunity following four COVID-19 waves: A prospective cohort study of mothers in South Africa.
Article in EClinicalMedicine, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 41 citations in OpenAlex.
- Evaluation of Waning of SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine-Induced Immunity: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.JAMA network open · 2023Pooled it
- Real-world effectiveness and factors associated with effectiveness of inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccines: a systematic review and meta-regression analysis.BMC medicine · 2023Pooled it
- Hybrid immunity against reinfection with SARS-CoV-2 following a previous SARS-CoV-2 infection and single dose of the BNT162b2 vaccine in children and adolescents: a target trial emulation.The Lancet. Microbe · 2023Trial
- Determinants of long-term SARS-CoV-2 immune responses in asymptomatic-to-moderate COVID-19 patients in sub-Saharan Africa.BMC medicine · 2026Article
- A longitudinal study depicting persistence of COVID-19 antibodies after half a year using chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay among healthcare workers and frontline workers in Mumbai, India's largest metropoli.Journal of family medicine and primary care · 2025Article
- Perceived social support and self-stigma as factors of COVID-19 booster vaccination behavior and intention via cognitive coping and emotion regulation among people infected with COVID-19 in Hong Kong.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Mixed lipopeptide-based mucosal vaccine candidate induces cross-variant immunity and protects against SARS-CoV-2 infection in hamsters.ImmunoHorizons · 2025Article
- Immune imprinting: The persisting influence of the first antigenic encounter with rapidly evolving viruses.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2024Review
- Feasibility of Provision and Vaccine Hesitancy at a Central Hospital COVID-19 Vaccination Site in South Africa after Four Waves of the Pandemic.Diseases (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Seroepidemiological assessment of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine responsiveness and associated factors in the vaccinated community of the Casablanca-Settat Region, Morocco.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Distinct T cell polyfunctional profile in SARS-CoV-2 seronegative children associated with endemic human coronavirus cross-reactivity.iScience · 2024Article
- Fear of COVID-19 among oral health professionals in South Africa.Health SA = SA Gesondheid · 2024Article
- Immunological insights into COVID-19 in Southern Nigeria.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Predictors of reinfection with pre-Omicron and Omicron variants of concern among individuals who recovered from COVID-19 in the first year of the pandemic.International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases · 2023Article
- Long term anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody kinetics and correlate of protection against Omicron BA.1/BA.2 infection.Nature communications · 2023Article
- Eight-Month Follow-up After the Third Dose of BNT162b2 Vaccine in Healthcare Workers: The Question of a Fourth Dose.Journal of Korean medical science · 2023Article
- Neutralizing Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 Beta and Omicron Variants Inhibition Comparison after BNT162b2 mRNA Booster Doses with a New PETIA sVNT Assay.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Omicron B.1.1.529 variant infections associated with severe disease are uncommon in a COVID-19 under-vaccinated, high SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence population in Malawi.EClinicalMedicine · 2023Article
- Hybrid Immunity to SARS-CoV-2 from Infection and Vaccination-Evidence Synthesis and Implications for New COVID-19 Vaccines.Biomedicines · 2023Review
- Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Background: More than half the global population has been exposed to SARS-CoV-2. Naturally induced immunity influences the outcome of subsequent exposure to variants and vaccine responses. We measured anti-spike IgG responses to explore the basis for this enhanced immunity. Methods: A prospective cohort study of mothers in a South African community through ancestral/beta/delta/omicron SARS-CoV-2 waves (March 2020-February 2022). Health seeking behaviour/illness were recorded and post-wave serum samples probed for IgG to Spike (CoV2-S-IgG) by ECLISA. To estimate protective CoV2-S-IgG threshold levels, logistic functions were fit to describe the correlation of CoV2-S-IgG measured before a wave and the probability for seroconversion/boosting thereafter for unvaccinated and vaccinated adults. Findings: Despite little disease, 176/339 (51·9%) participants were seropositive following wave 1, rising to 74%, 89·8% and 97·3% after waves 2, 3 and 4 respectively. CoV2-S-IgG induced by natural exposure protected against subsequent SARS-CoV-2 infection with the greatest protection for beta and least for omicron. Vaccination induced higher CoV2-S-IgG in seropositive compared to naïve vaccinees. Amongst seropositive participants, proportions above the 50% protection against infection threshold were 69% (95% CrI: 62, 72) following 1 vaccine dose, 63% (95% CrI: 63, 75) following 2 doses and only 11% (95% CrI: 7, 14) in unvaccinated during the omicron wave. Interpretation: Naturally induced CoV2-S-IgG do not achieve high enough levels to prevent omicron infection in most exposed individuals but are substantially boosted by vaccination leading to significant protection. A single vaccination in those with prior immunity is more immunogenic than 2 doses in a naïve vaccinee and may provide adequate protection. Funding: UK NIH GECO award (GEC111), Wellcome Trust Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Africa (CIDRI), Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, USA (OPP1017641, OPP1017579) and NIH H3 Africa (U54HG009824, U01AI110466]. HZ is supported by the SA-MRC. MPN is supported by an Australian National Health and Medical Research Council Investigator Grant (APP1174455). BJQ is supported by a grant from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (OPP1139859). Stefan Flasche is supported by a Sir Henry Dale Fellowship jointly funded by the Wellcome Trust and the Royal Society (Grant number 208812/Z/17/Z).
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.