ArticleScientific reports2022
Association of alpha-fetoprotein and metastasis for small hepatocellular carcinoma: A propensity-matched analysis.
Article in Scientific reports, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed, 13 citations in OpenAlex.
- Identification of serum peptide biomarkers for cholangiocarcinoma diagnosis and staging via MALDI-TOF MS and LC-MS/MS.British journal of cancer · 2026Article
- Exploring the Multifunctional Role of Alpha-Fetoprotein in Cancer Progression: Implications for Targeted Therapy in Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Beyond.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Does very high alpha-fetoprotein affect very early hepatocellular carcinoma receiving hepatectomy?Langenbeck's archives of surgery · 2025Article
- Alpha-fetoprotein: Past, present, and future.Hepatology communications · 2024Review
- Prognostic Role of Basal Serum Alpha-Fetoprotein in Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma Suitable for Curative Treatment.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2024Article
- The role of alpha-fetoprotein in the tumor microenvironment of hepatocellular carcinoma.Frontiers in oncology · 2024Review
- Article
- Hydrogen sulfide suppresses HMedical oncology (Northwood, London, England) · 2023Article
- Alpha-fetoprotein: A Multifaceted Player in Cancer Biology.Euroasian journal of hepato-gastroenterologyReview
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Metastasis is crucial for the prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Distinguishing the potential risk factors for distant metastasis in small HCC (diameter ≤ 5 cm) is of great significance for improving the prognosis. HCC patients in the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) registry with tumors ≤ 5 cm in diameter between January 2010 and December 2015 were retrieved. Demographic and clinicopathological metrics were extracted, including age, sex, race, marital status, tumor size, histological grade, T stage, N stage, M stage, alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), and liver fibrosis score. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to identify independent risk factors correlated with extrahepatic metastasis in small HCC. Propensity score matching (PSM) analysis was performed to balance the confounding factors in baseline characteristics. A total of 4176 eligible patients were divided into a non-metastasis group (n = 4033) and a metastasis group (n = 143) based on metastasis status. In multivariate analysis, larger tumor size, poor histological differentiation, regional lymph node metastasis, and elevated serum AFP levels were identified as independent risk factors for distant metastasis (P < 0.05), while age, sex, race, marital status, and liver fibrosis score were not associated with extrahepatic metastasis. After propensity score analysis, the AFP level was no longer associated with metastatic risk. The present study provided no evidence for a correlation between the clinical threshold of AFP and metastasis in small hepatocellular carcinoma.
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