ArticleBMC oral health2022
The accuracy of a three-dimensional face model reconstructing method based on conventional clinical two-dimensional photos.
Article in BMC oral health, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed, 14 citations in OpenAlex.
- A comparative analysis of artificial intelligence generated 3d facial models from 2D photos: A procrustes-based validation of landmark accuracy in Orthodontics.Seminars in orthodontics · 2026Article
- 3D Photogrammetry-Driven Craniofacial Analysis in Orthodontics: A Scoping Review of Recent Applications.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Accuracy Evaluation of a Three-Dimensional Face Reconstruction Model Based on the Hifi3D Face Model and Clinical Two-Dimensional Images.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Quantifying Dermatochalasis Using 3-Dimensional Photogrammetry.Aesthetic plastic surgery · 2024Article
- Expansion rebound deformation of clear aligners and its biomechanical influence: a three-dimensional morphologic analysis and finite element analysis study.The Angle orthodontist · 2023Article
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThis study aims to investigate the accuracy of a three-dimensional (3D) face reconstruction method based on conventional clinical two-dimensional (2D) photos.
methodsTwenty-three patients were included, and Character Creator v3.2 software with the Headshot v1.0 plugin was used for 3D face model reconstruction. Various facial landmarks were finely adjusted manually to refine the models. After preprocessing and repositioning, 3D deviation analysis was performed. The accuracy of the landmarks in different dimensions was determined, and twelve facial soft tissue measurements were compared to validate the clinical potential of the method.
resultThe reconstructed 3D face models showed good facial morphology with fine texture. The average root mean square errors between face scan models and reconstructed models at perioral area (1.26 ± 0.24 mm, 95%CI: 1.15-1.37 mm) were significantly smaller than the entire facial area (1.77 ± 0.23 mm, 95%CI:1.67-1.88 mm), P < 0.01. The deviation of menton of soft tissue was significantly larger than pronasale (P < 0.01). The deviations of all landmarks in the Y-direction were significantly larger than those in the other 2 dimensions (Y > Z > X, P < 0.01). A significant difference (P < 0.05) of approximately 1.5 mm was found for facial height. Significant differences (P < 0.05) were also identified in the remaining 6 soft tissue measurements, with average deviations no greater than 0.5 mm (linear measurement) or 1.2° (angular measurements).
conclusionA 3D face modeling method based on 2D face photos was revealed and validated. The reconstruction accuracy of this method is clinically acceptable for orthodontic measurement purposes, but narrow clinical indications and labor-intensive operations remain problems.
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