ReviewInfection and immunity2022
Sex and Gender Differences in Bacterial Infections.
Review in Infection and immunity, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 140 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
140 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 191 citations in OpenAlex.
- Risk factors associated with sexually transmitted infections in Nigeria: a systematic review.BMC public health · 2026Pooled it
- Sex differences in bacterial meningitis and associations with socioeconomic indicators: a systematic review and meta-analysis with metaregression.BMJ global health · 2025Pooled it
- Article
- Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals intrinsic and microbiota-associated sex differences in murine lung.Mucosal immunology · 2026Article
- Sex-Related Differences in Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes Among Patients Clinically Managed for Suspected Bacterial Infection in the Emergency Department.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Observational
- Mapping the antimicrobial susceptibility of methicillin-resistantMicrobiology spectrum · 2026Article
- A Longitudinal Study of Antimicrobial Resistance in Oral Bacterial Isolates From Periodontitis Patients in Taiwan.International dental journal · 2026Article
- Microbiologic Patterns Found in Periprosthetic Joint Infections Following Total Joint Arthroplasty Differ Across Race and Sex.Arthroplasty today · 2026Article
- Public health data collected by PulseNet support a role forMicrobiology spectrum · 2026Article
- Sex differences inProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- Prevalence, antimicrobial resistance, and associated factors of critical superbugs Klebsiella pneumoniae and Acinetobacter species among hospitalized patients in Northwest Ethiopia.BMC microbiology · 2026Article
- Association between sex hormones and innate cytotoxic capacity of circulating and rectal mucosal immune cells.Clinical immunology communications · 2026Article
- Long-term burden, trends, and inequality of lower respiratory infections attributable toTranslational pediatrics · 2026Article
- Prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and Ureaplasma urealyticum infections among reproductive-age adults in Shantou, China: a retrospective study.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Impact of sex on outcomes in critically ill patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage: a secondary analysis of a French prospective cohort study.Journal of anesthesia, analgesia and critical care · 2026Article
- Risk Factors of Secondary Bacterial Infection in Patients Hospitalized with COVID-19.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Unveiling the role of sex as a predictor for KPC-Klebsiella pneumoniae and carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii bacteremia in critically Ill colonized patients.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Inequalities in non-HIV sexually transmitted infections in Uganda: a 22-year sex disaggregated trend analysis using WHO Health Equity Assessment Toolkit data.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Development and Validation of a Nomogram for Predicting Sepsis Risk in Patients with Non-Ventilator Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia.Biomedicines · 2026Article
- Sex differences in the diagnosis, management and outcomes of patients with infective endocarditis.Open heart · 2026Article
80 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
There is a growing awareness of the importance of sex and gender in medicine and research. Women typically have stronger immune responses to self and foreign antigens than men, resulting in sex-based differences in autoimmunity and infectious diseases. In both animals and humans, males are generally more susceptible than females to bacterial infections. At the same time, gender differences in health-seeking behavior, quality of health care, and adherence to treatment recommendations have been reported. This review explores our current understanding of differences between males and females in bacterial diseases. We describe how genetic, immunological, hormonal, and anatomical factors interact to influence sex-based differences in pathophysiology, epidemiology, clinical presentation, disease severity, and prognosis, and how gender roles affect the behavior of patients and providers in the health care system.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.