ArticleHealth psychology research2022
Ketamine-Induced Cystitis: A Comprehensive Review of the Urologic Effects of This Psychoactive Drug.
Article in Health psychology research, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 40 citations in OpenAlex.
- A Promising Route for Established Indications: A Systematic Review of Nebulized Ketamine in Pain.Current pain and headache reports · 2025Pooled it
- Ketamine for mood disorders, anxiety, and suicidality in children and adolescents: a systematic review.European child & adolescent psychiatry · 2025Pooled it
- Determination of Enantiomers of Deschloroketamine and Its Metabolites in Wistar Rat Brains.Journal of separation science · 2026Article
- Ketamine or Esketamine in Special Populations of Patients With Treatment-Resistant Depression.Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research · 2026Review
- Ketamine Use in Self-Described Therapeutic Contexts: A Thematic Analysis of Reddit Posts.Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Grayken lessons: a multidisciplinary approach to care for a patient with severe ketamine use disorder.Addiction science & clinical practice · 2026Article
- Deaths following illicit ketamine use in England, Wales and Northern Ireland 1999-2024: An update report to inform the reclassification debate.Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England) · 2026Article
- Long-term effectiveness and side-effects of intranasal esketamine in treatment-resistant depression: real-world, single-arm study of over 100 sessions.BJPsych open · 2026Article
- Rapid-acting NMDA and GABAergic Modulators in Mood Disorders: From Synaptic Mechanisms to Clinical Practice.Clinical psychopharmacology and neuroscience : the official scientific journal of the Korean College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2025Review
- Optimizing ketamine dosing strategies across diverse clinical applications: a comprehensive review.Annals of medicine and surgery (2012) · 2025Review
- Rising incidence of recreational ketamine use: Clinical cases and management in emergency settings.Toxicology reports · 2025Article
- The diverse effects of ketamine, jack-of-all-trades: a narrative review.British journal of anaesthesia · 2025Review
- Hemorrhagic cystitis induced by intravenous esketamine in the treatment of new-onset refractory status epilepticus in children: a case report.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2025Article
- Licit use of illicit drugs for treating depression: the pill and the process.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2024Review
- Ketamine cystitis following ketamine therapy for treatment-resistant depression - case report.BMC psychiatry · 2024Article
- A Case of Hepatotoxicity Induced by Therapeutic Ketamine Use for Sedation.Case reports in critical care · 2024Article
- Ketamine-assisted psychotherapy, psychedelic methodologies, and the impregnable value of the subjective-a new and evolving approach.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2024Article
- Rapamycin Augmentation of Chronic Ketamine as a Novel Treatment for Complex Regional Pain Syndrome.Cureus · 2023Article
- Evaluating oral ketamine's adverse side effects in chronic pain patients.Saudi journal of anaesthesiaArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 5 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Ketamine is a common medical anesthetic and analgesic but is becoming more widely used as a recreational drug. Significant side effects on the urinary tract are associated with frequent recreational ketamine use most notably ketamine-induced cystitis (KIC). Regular ketamine consumption has been shown to increase the risk of cystitis symptoms by 3- to 4-fold, and cessation of ketamine use is usually associated with improvement of symptoms. Common KIC-related problems are urinary pain and discomfort, bladder epithelial barrier damage, reduced bladder storage and increased pressure, ureter stenosis, and kidney failure, all of which significantly impact patients' quality of life. Furthermore, it becomes a vicious cycle when KIC patients attempt to manage their urinary pain with increased ketamine use. The precise pathophysiology of KIC is still unknown but several theories exist, most of which highlight the inflammatory signaling pathways leading to bladder epithelium damage due to presence of ketamine in the urine. Empirical treatment options for KIC are available and consist of ketamine cessation, noninvasive therapies, and surgery, and should be decided upon based on the time course and severity of the disease. Of note, cessation of use is strongly recommended for all KIC patients, and should be supplemented with motivational interviews and psychological and social support. It is crucial for clinicians to be familiar with KIC diagnosis and treatment, and to be prepared to have informed discussions with ketamine-using patients about the potential health consequences of ketamine.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.