ArticleBrain, behavior, and immunity2022
The immune phenotype of perinatal anxiety.
Article in Brain, behavior, and immunity, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers.
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Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed.
- The immune phenotype of perinatal anxiety in an anxiety-focused behavioral intervention program in Pakistan.Brain, behavior, and immunity · 2024Trial
- Prenatal inflammation and postpartum anxiety: Findings from a prospective pregnancy cohort in New York City.Journal of affective disorders · 2026Article
- Integrating mental health into obstetric practice: a review of collaborative care models for perinatal anxiety.Journal of perinatal medicine · 2026Review
- Physiological Mechanisms in Pregnancy and Their Relevance to the Clinical Management of Perinatal Mental Illness.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
- Association of inflammatory biomarkers during pregnancy and the postpartum period with the risk of postpartum anxiety symptoms.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2026Article
- Genetically determined causality between immune cells and anxiety disorders: A Mendelian randomization study.Medicine · 2026Article
- Psychedelic therapy and postpartum depression: priorities and prospects.Therapeutic advances in psychopharmacology · 2026Review
- Folic acid ameliorates placental structure and function in fetal growth restriction via epigenetic modifications.Clinical epigenetics · 2025Article
- Differentially expressed transcripts associated with depressive symptoms during pregnancy and postpartum.Molecular psychiatry · 2025Article
- Biomarkers of reproductive psychiatric disorders.The British journal of psychiatry : the journal of mental science · 2025Review
- Conventional and new immunotherapies for immune system dysregulation in postpartum mood disorders: comparisons to immune system dysregulations in bipolar disorder, major depression, and postpartum autoimmune thyroid disease.Expert review of clinical immunology · 2025Review
- Prenatal inflammation and trauma symptoms in Latina mothers: The role of discrimination and growing up in an ethnic minoritized context.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2025Article
- Article
- Regulatory T-cell phenotypes in prenatal psychological distress.Brain, behavior, and immunity · 2024Article
- Vitamin D levels and anxiety symptomatology in pregnancy and the postpartum.Archives of women's mental health · 2023Article
- Metabolites of progesterone in pregnancy: Associations with perinatal anxiety.Psychoneuroendocrinology · 2023Article
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundImmune dysregulation has been linked to both psychiatric illness and pregnancy morbidity, including perinatal depression, but little is known about the immune phenotype of perinatal anxiety. Here, we sought to identify the unique immune profile of antenatal anxiety. MATERIALS AND
methodsPregnant women (n = 107) were followed prospectively at 2nd and 3rd trimesters (T2, T3) and 6 weeks postpartum (PP6). Each visit included a blood draw and psychological evaluation, with clinical anxiety assessed using the Spielberg State-Trait Anxiety Scale. We enrolled both healthy controls and participants with anxiety alone; those with comorbid depression were excluded. Multiplex cytokine assays and flow cytometry were used to examine the association of anxiety symptoms with secreted immune markers and PBMC-derived immune cells.
resultsK cluster means revealed three clusters of anxiety symptomatology; due to low numbers in the highest severity anxiety group, these were collapsed into two groups: Non-Anxiety and Anxiety. Principal components analysis revealed two distinct clusters of cytokine secretion including one cluster that consisted of many innate immune cytokines and differed between groups. Compared to women in the Non-Anxiety group, women in the Anxiety group had lower levels of cytokine expression during pregnancy and an increase in levels into the postpartum, whereas Non-Anxiety women experienced a time-dependent decline. Immune cell populations also differed between our two groups, with the Anxiety group showing a decrease in the ratio of B cells to T cells from pregnancy to postpartum, whereas the Non-Anxiety women showed an increase in this ratio over time. Women in the Anxiety group also demonstrated an increased ratio of cytotoxic to helper T cells throughout pregnancy, a modest increase in the Th1:Th2 ratio across pregnancy, and a lower ratio of Th17:T
conclusionThese data suggest that the immune response throughout the antenatal period differs for women with anxiety symptoms compared to those without, suggestive of a unique immune phenotype of perinatal anxiety.
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