ArticleDrug and alcohol dependence2022
Validation of a lateral flow chromatographic immunoassay for the detection of fentanyl in drug samples.
Article in Drug and alcohol dependence, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 43 citations in OpenAlex.
- Interpol review of forensic drug chemistry, 2022-2025.Forensic science international. Synergy · 2026Review
- Perioperative Pain in the Era of Emerging and Unregulated Substances: Recognition, Risk Assessment, and Management.Current pain and headache reports · 2026Review
- Fentanyl, Amphetamine-type Stimulants, Heroin, and xylazine in drug residues in two Northern border Mexican cities.Harm reduction journal · 2025Article
- Review
- Review
- Association of fentanyl test strip results and change in drug use behaviors: A multi-state, community-based observational study.The International journal on drug policy · 2025Observational
- Detection of benzodiazepines in the unregulated drug supply using point of care and confirmatory drug checking technologies: A validation study.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2025Article
- Predictors of Awareness of Fentanyl Test Strips Among People Who Inject Drugs in Northeast Georgia.Substance use & misuse · 2025Article
- Article
- Buprenorphine-Precipitated Withdrawal Among Hospitalized Patients Using Fentanyl.JAMA network open · 2024Article
- Beyond Fentanyl Test Strips: Investigating Other Urine Drug Test Strips for Drug Checking Applications.Forensic chemistry (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2024Article
- Nitazene test strips: a laboratory evaluation.Harm reduction journal · 2024Article
- An urgent need for community lot testing of lateral flow fentanyl test strips marketed for harm reduction in Northern America.Harm reduction journal · 2024Article
- Pilot findings on the real-world performance of xylazine test strips for drug residue testing and the importance of secondary testing methods.Drug and alcohol dependence reports · 2024Article
- Testing the test strips: laboratory performance of fentanyl test strips.Harm reduction journal · 2024Article
- Automation for lateral flow rapid tests: Protocol for an open-source fluid handler and applications to dengue and African swine fever tests.PLOS global public health · 2024Article
- Assessment of two brands of fentanyl test strips with 251 synthetic opioids reveals "blind spots" in detection capabilities.Harm reduction journal · 2023Article
- A survey of North American drug checking services operating in 2022.The International journal on drug policy · 2023Article
- Examining fentanyl and its analogues in the unregulated drug supply of British Columbia, Canada using drug checking technologies.Drug and alcohol review · 2023Article
- Fentanyl Test Strips for Harm Reduction: A Scoping Review.Journal of addiction medicineArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundDrug overdose deaths remain the primary cause of unintentional injuries in the United States. We examined the validity of a fentanyl test strip (FTS) in detecting fentanyl and its related analogs in water-based illicit drug solutions.
methodsIllicit drugs obtained from law enforcement (N = 343) were tested using a lateral flow chromatographic immunoassay FTS (BTNX Rapid Response) and Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) at a clinical chemistry laboratory in Baltimore, Maryland.
resultsThe FTS assay detected fentanyl at 200 ng/ml in water, and 13 additional fentanyl analogs, but failed to detect carfentanil and furanyl fentanyl at or below 1000 ng/ml. Overall sensitivity and specificity for detecting fentanyls was 98.5 % and 89.2 %; and the false negative and positive rate was 1.5 % and 10.9 %. False negatives (n = 2) occurred in fentanyl and a fentanyl precursor. False positives (n = 23) occurred in the presence of other illicit drugs and compounds (56.5 %) or when fentanyls were present below 40 ng/ml (43.5 %). False positive/negative rates remained low when testing cocaine and prescription opioid (PO) samples.
conclusionsFTS is a valid drug checking tool, however, rapid immunoassays and other drug checking instruments that can detect a wider range of fentanyl analogs including carfentanil need to be prioritized to minimize accidental exposure to the full spectrum of fentanyls.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.