ArticleWorld journal of microbiology & biotechnology2022
Thidiazuron, a phenyl-urea cytokinin, inhibits ergosterol synthesis and attenuates biofilm formation of Candida albicans.
Article in World journal of microbiology & biotechnology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
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5 citing papers in PubMed, 9 citations in OpenAlex.
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- Computational analysis of Ayurvedic metabolites for potential treatment of drug-resistantFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025Article
- Virtual Screening and Meta-Analysis Approach Identifies Factors for Inversion Stimulation (Fis) and Other Genes Responsible for Biofilm Production inCurrent issues in molecular biology · 2024Article
- Thidiazuron: New Trends and Future Perspectives to FightAntibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
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Abstract
Candida albicans is a common human fungal pathogen that colonizes mucosa and develops biofilm in the oral cavity that causes oral candidiasis. It has been reported that cytochrome P450 enzyme (CYP51), a vital part of the ergosterol synthesis cascade, is associated with Candida infections and its biofilm formation. Thidiazuron, a phenyl-urea cytokinin, exhibits anti-senescence and elicitor activity against fungal infection in plants. However, how Thidiazuron impacts C. albicans biofilm formation is still uncertain. Here, we aimed to investigate the effects of a Thidiazuron against the growth and biofilm formation properties of C. albicans using in silico and in vitro experimental approaches. A preliminary molecular docking study revealed potential interaction between Thidiazuron and amino acid residues of CYP51. Further in vitro antifungal susceptibility test, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and time kill analysis revealed the anti-fungal activity of Thidiazuron in both dose and time-dependent manner. Crystal violet staining, 2,3-bis-(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide (XTT) reduction assay revealed 50% inhibition in C. albicans biofilm by Thidiazuron at concentrations 11 and 19 µM respectively. Acridine orange staining assay visually confirmed the biofilm inhibitory potential of Thidiazuron. The gene expression study showed that Thidiazuron treatment down regulated the expression of genes involved in ergosterol synthesis (ERG3, ERG11, ERG25), cell adhesion (ASL3, EAP1), and hyphae development (EFG1, HWP1, SAP5) in C. albicans. Wherease, the expression of negative transcription regulator of hyphae (NRG1) was upregulated (5.7-fold) by Thidiazuron treatment. Collectively, our data suggest that Thidiazuron is a robust antifungal compound and an outstanding biofilm inhibitor, which may promise further therapeutic development due to CYP51 binding and inhibition of ergosterol formation against C. albicans.
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