ArticlePharmaceutical research2022
Optimization and Scale Up of Spray Dried CPZEN-45 Aerosol Powders for Inhaled Tuberculosis Treatment.
Article in Pharmaceutical research, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed, 7 citations in OpenAlex.
- Outstanding Contributions to Aerosol Pulmonary Drug Delivery.Kona : powder science and technology in Japan · 2026Article
- The TetR-like regulator Sco4385 and Crp-like regulator Sco3571 modulate heterologous production of antibiotics inApplied and environmental microbiology · 2025Article
- Advanced Manufacturing Methods for High-Dose Inhalable Powders.Pharmaceutics · 2025Review
- The Pharmacokinetics of CPZEN-45, a Novel Anti-Tuberculosis Drug, in Guinea Pigs.Pharmaceutics · 2023Article
- Preparation Strategies of the Anti-Mycobacterial Drug Bedaquiline for Intrapulmonary Routes of Administration.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
13 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
purposeTuberculosis (TB) remains one of the most serious diseases caused by a single organism. Multiple (MDR) and extensively (XDR) drug resistant disease poses a threat to global health and requires new drugs and/or innovative approaches to treatment. A number of drugs have been proposed as inhaled therapy for TB, frequently prepared by spray drying. CPZEN-45 is a novel anti-tubercular drug that has poor oral bioavailability but has shown promise when administered via inhalation.
methodsExcipient-free CPZEN-45 HCl has been spray dried into a powder with physicochemical characteristics, aerodynamic particle size distribution, and delivered dose suitable for consideration as an inhaled product.
resultsThe mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) and geometric standard deviation (GSD) of the powder delivered using a RS01 inhaler were 2.62 ± 0.04 μm and 1.76 ± 0.09, respectively. Additionally, the powder was physically and chemically stable after storage at ambient conditions for >1.5 years with particle size similar to freshly manufactured product. Overages in spray dried powder were recycled the powder and resprayed into drug product likewise resulting in negligible change in quality thus allowing for further preclinical characterization as necessary. CPZEN-45 was scaled up using pilot-scale manufacturing equipment where the density of the powder was increased to facilitate larger delivered doses without affecting the aerodynamic performance properties.
conclusionThe spray dried powders were suitable for pharmacokinetics, efficacy and preclinical toxicology studies. The final method of manufacture may be used directly for CGMP particle manufacture to support IND and Phase I clinical trials and beyond.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.