SynthesisJournal of medical virology2023
Prevalence and factors related to COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and unwillingness in Canada: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Synthesis in Journal of medical virology, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 51 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
51 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in Ethiopia: a scoping review for equitable vaccine access.Frontiers in health services · 2025Pooled it
- Vaccine hesitancy in context of COVID-19 in East Africa: systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC public health · 2024Pooled it
- COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy: Umbrella Review of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis.JMIR public health and surveillance · 2024Pooled it
- COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in Turkey: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Epidemiology and infection · 2023Pooled it
- Prevalence and factors related to COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and unwillingness in Canada: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of medical virology · 2023Pooled it
- The role of age, sex, and ethnicity in vaccine trust, and sources of information in Canada: Findings from a national survey.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Article
- "As soon as it's trying to be persuasive, my skepticism kicks in": A qualitative study to co-design vaccine communication strategies with vaccine hesitant adults in Canada.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Article
- The impact of COVID-19 vaccine distribution channels on equity-deserving populations: a Canadian population-based cohort study using administrative data.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Article
- Validation and psychometric evaluation of the Arabic Adult Vaccine Hesitancy Scale.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2025Article
- Acceptance and attitudes towards COVID-19 vaccination during pregnancy in Canada.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2025Article
- Racial disparities related to the perception of COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness among parents of children aged 0-12 years old in Canada.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2025Article
- Trust Dynamics and Equity in Public Health in Canada: Protocol for a Mixed Methods Project in the Postpandemic Era.JMIR research protocols · 2025Article
- Accessibility of Ontario pharmacies offering COVID-19 vaccination by rurality, community material deprivation, and ethnic concentration: a repeated cross-sectional geospatial analysis.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Factors associated with parents' hesitancy to vaccinate their children against COVID-19: The moderator role of parental anxiety.Journal of health psychology · 2025Article
- COVID-19 Vaccine Mistrust, Racial Discrimination, and Conspiracy Beliefs Among Parents in Canada: Implications for Public Health.Journal of medical virology · 2025Article
- Vaccination in Patients with Cardiovascular Disease: A Case-Based Approach and Contemporary Review.CJC open · 2025Review
- Discrimination in Health Care: A Scoping Review of the Ontario Experience.Health and human rights · 2025Article
- Covid-19 Vaccine Hesitancy and Under-Vaccination among Marginalized Populations in the United States and Canada: A Scoping Review.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2025Article
- Strategies and resources used by public health units to encourage COVID-19 vaccination among priority groups: a behavioural science-informed review of three urban centres in Canada.BMC public health · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
13 authors.
Funding
Abstract
This systematic review and meta-analysis examined the prevalence and factors associated with vaccine hesitancy and vaccine unwillingness in Canada. Eleven databases were searched in March 2022. The pooled prevalence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine hesitancy and unwillingness was estimated. Subgroup analyses and meta-regressions were performed. Out of 667 studies screened, 86 full-text articles were reviewed, and 30 were included in the systematic review. Twenty-four articles were included in the meta-analysis; 12 for the pooled prevalence of vaccine hesitancy (42.3% [95% CI, 33.7%-51.0%]) and 12 for vaccine unwillingness (20.1% [95% CI, 15.2%-24.9%]). Vaccine hesitancy was higher in females (18.3% [95% CI, 12.4%-24.2%]) than males (13.9% [95% CI, 9.0%-18.8%]), and in rural (16.3% [95% CI, 12.9%-19.7%]) versus urban areas (14.1% [95%CI, 9.9%-18.3%]). Vaccine unwillingness was higher in females (19.9% [95% CI, 11.0%-24.8%]) compared with males (13.6% [95% CI, 8.0%-19.2%]), non-White individuals (21.7% [95% CI, 16.2%-27.3%]) than White individuals (14.8% [95% CI, 11.0%-18.5%]), and secondary or less (24.2% [95% CI, 18.8%-29.6%]) versus postsecondary education (15.9% [95% CI, 11.6%-20.2%]). Factors related to racial disparities, gender, education level, and age are discussed.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.