ReviewHeart rhythm2023
Three-dimensional functional anatomy of the human sinoatrial node for epicardial and endocardial mapping and ablation.
Review in Heart rhythm, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 23 citations in OpenAlex.
- When Palpitations Unmask Crista Terminalis Hypertrophy: A Case Report and Review of Current Literature.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- The cardiac conduction system: development, function and therapeutic targets.Nature reviews. Cardiology · 2026Review
- Emerging Regulatory Mechanisms in Sinoatrial Node Automaticity.Journal of cellular and molecular medicine · 2026Review
- Inferior Sino-Atrial Node Exit Sites Are Associated With Electrical Remodeling.JACC. Clinical electrophysiology · 2026Article
- E-cigarettes and cardiovascular health: a review of components, mechanisms, and clinical risk.American journal of cardiovascular disease · 2026Review
- Anatomic, electrical, and hemodynamic characterization of Bachmann bundle in the swine heart.Heart rhythm · 2025Article
- Atypical form of sinoatrial node reentrant tachycardia: Should the traditional diagnostic criteria be modified?HeartRhythm case reports · 2025Article
- Heart Rate Mystery Unveiled: Sex Differences in Human Sinoatrial Node Genes and Female Tachycardia.Circulation. Arrhythmia and electrophysiology · 2025Article
- Catheter Ablation in Atrial Fibrillation: Recent Advances.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Review
- Multidimensional Analysis of the Adult Human Heart in Health and Disease Using Hierarchical Phase-Contrast Tomography.Radiology · 2024Article
- Revisiting Cardiac Biology in the Era of Single Cell and Spatial Omics.Circulation research · 2024Review
- State-of-the-Art Differentiation Protocols for Patient-Derived Cardiac Pacemaker Cells.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Mechanistic insight into the functional role of human sinoatrial node conduction pathways and pacemaker compartments heterogeneity: A computer model analysis.PLoS computational biology · 2023Article
- Genetics of sinoatrial node function and heart rate disorders.Disease models & mechanisms · 2023Review
- High-Resolution 3-Dimensional Multimodality Imaging to Resolve Intramural Human Sinoatrial Node Pacemakers and Epicardial-Endocardial Atrial Exit Sites.Circulation. Arrhythmia and electrophysiology · 2023Article
- Novel Insights into the Sinoatrial Node in Single-Cell RNA Sequencing: From Developmental Biology to Physiological Function.Journal of cardiovascular development and disease · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The sinoatrial node (SAN) is the primary pacemaker of the human heart. It is a single, elongated, 3-dimensional (3D) intramural fibrotic structure located at the junction of the superior vena cava intercaval region bordering the crista terminalis (CT). SAN activation originates in the intranodal pacemakers and is conducted to the atria through 1 or more discrete sinoatrial conduction pathways. The complexity of the 3D SAN pacemaker structure and intramural conduction are underappreciated during clinical multielectrode mapping and ablation procedures of SAN and atrial arrhythmias. In fact, defining and targeting SAN is extremely challenging because, even during sinus rhythm, surface-only multielectrode mapping may not define the leading pacemaker sites in intramural SAN but instead misinterpret them as epicardial or endocardial exit sites through sinoatrial conduction pathways. These SAN exit sites may be distributed up to 50 mm along the CT beyond the ∼20-mm-long anatomic SAN structure. Moreover, because SAN reentrant tachycardia beats may exit through the same sinoatrial conduction pathway as during sinus rhythm, many SAN arrhythmias are underdiagnosed. Misinterpretation of arrhythmia sources and/or mechanisms (eg, enhanced automaticity, intranodal vs CT reentry) limits diagnosis and success of catheter ablation treatments for poorly understood SAN arrhythmias. The aim of this review is to provide a state-of-the-art overview of the 3D structure and function of the human SAN complex, mechanisms of SAN arrhythmias and available approaches for electrophysiological mapping, 3D structural imaging, pharmacologic interventions, and ablation to improve diagnosis and mechanistic treatment of SAN and atrial arrhythmias.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.