ArticlePloS one2022
Out-of-pocket expenditure on medicines in Bangladesh: An analysis of the national household income and expenditure survey 2016-17.
Article in PloS one, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
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9 citing papers in PubMed.
- Financial burden of noncommunicable diseases on households in Bangladesh: a quasi-experimental analysis using national survey data.Health economics review · 2026Article
- Catastrophic and impoverishing health expenditures in fragmented public health systems: lessons from Mexico, 2000-2022.Health economics review · 2026Article
- Unmet healthcare needs, out-of-pocket payments and catastrophic health expenditures among hypertensive adults in Bangladesh.BMC health services research · 2025Article
- Household healthcare expenditure: A cross-sectional analysis of urban and rural Puducherry, South India.Journal of family medicine and primary care · 2025Article
- Assessing the determinants of out-of-pocket health expenditures among Cambodian households in informal employment using survey data.International journal for equity in health · 2025Article
- "International journal of environmental research and public health · 2024Article
- Review
- Article
- Exploring barriers to accessing healthcare services for older indigenous people in the Chittagong Hill Tract, Bangladesh.AIMS public health · 2023Article
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5 authors.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND AND
objectivesHigh out-of-pocket expenditures (OOPE) increases the probability that households will become impoverished or will forgo needed care. The aim of this paper is to study household medicines expenditure and its associated determining factors to develop policies to protect households from financial hardship.
methodsThe present cross-sectional and population-level study used the Bangladesh 2016-17 National Household Income and Expenditure Survey (HIES). The final sample size was 46,080 households. We analyzed the probability of OOPE for medicines, the share of total OOPE due to medicines out of total OOPE in health (reported as a ratio between zero and one), the OOPE amount for medicines reported (in United States Dollars), and the share of OOPE amount on medicines out of total household expenditure (reported as a ratio between zero and one). Predictors of analyzed outcomes were identified using three regression models.
resultsOut of those households who spent on healthcare, the probability of having any OOPE on medicines was 87.9%. Of those who spent on medicines, the median monthly expenditure was US$3.03. The poorest households spent 9.97% of their total household expenditure as OOPE on medicines, nearly double that of the wealthiest households (5.86%). The characteristic which showed the most significant correlation to a high OOPE on medicines was the presence of chronic diseases, especially cancer. Twenty six percent of all surveyed households spend more than 10% of their OOPE on medicines.
conclusionsOur study shows that financial protection should be targeted at the poorest quintiles and such protection should include enrollment of rural households. Further, outpatient medicines benefits should include those for non-communicable diseases (NCDs).
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