ArticleHeliyon2022
Association between developmental defects of enamel and early childhood caries in children under 6 years old: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Article in Heliyon, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 19 citations in OpenAlex.
- Prevalence of developmental defects of enamel in Brazil: a systematic review and meta-analysis.European archives of paediatric dentistry : official journal of the European Academy of Paediatric Dentistry · 2026Pooled it
- Evidence on the association of overall dietary factors, selected environmental, medical, demographic, and biological factors and developmental defects of enamel, including MIH and enamel fluorosis.Frontiers in oral health · 2025Pooled it
- Developmental enamel defects and hypomineralized second primary molars among preschool children in Kuwait: associations with caries severity and oral health-related quality of life.Clinical oral investigations · 2026Article
- Presumptive Bilirubin-Related Chlorodontia and Developmental Enamel Defects of the Primary Dentition in an Extremely Preterm Infant: A Case Report.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Developmental ecology of the infant oral ecosystem: a framework for early childhood caries.Frontiers in oral health · 2026Review
- Caries in a cohort of adults with cystic fibrosis: a cross-sectional study.British dental journal · 2025Article
- Substance use during pregnancy and childhood dental caries: a Brazilian cohort study.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Why do my patients still have early childhood caries? a critical appraisal.Brazilian oral research · 2025Review
- Oral Health of 7- to 9-Year-Old Children Born Prematurely-A Case-Control Observational Study with Randomized Case Selection.Dentistry journal · 2024Article
- Updates on Caries Risk Assessment-A Literature Review.Dentistry journal · 2024Review
- Early childhood caries, climate change and the sustainable development goal 13: a scoping review.BMC oral health · 2024Article
- AMELX gene association to early childhood caries in south-Indian children: a case-control study.European archives of paediatric dentistry : official journal of the European Academy of Paediatric Dentistry · 2024Article
- Correlation of the Apgar Score with Dental Caries in 3- to 5-year-old Iranian Children.Medical journal of the Islamic Republic of Iran · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
16 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Early childhood caries (ECC) are an oral health problem worldwide in children under 6 years of age. This disease of rapid development has a multifactorial etiology, and one of the possible risk factors is developmental defects of enamel (DDE), such as hypoplasia and opacities. The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the association between DDE and ECC in children under 6 years of age. An electronic search was conducted until March 2022 using Medline (PubMed), Scopus, Science-Direct, LILACS, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, EBSCO-Host, EMBASE, and Google Scholar and complemented with a manual search, with no restrictions on language or date of publication. Longitudinal studies of children under 6 years of age with primary dentition were included. A total of 1158 studies were found, of which 651 records were reviewed by title and abstract, and 24 articles were selected for full-text evaluation. Finally, nine studies that met the selection criteria were included in the qualitative synthesis. Study quality and certainty were assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale and the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) tool. Three cohort studies of good quality were included in the meta-analysis. A risk associated with DDE (RR = 1.94; 95% CI: 1.52-2.49) and a risk associated with enamel hypoplasia (RR = 5.45; 95% CI: 1.84-16.14) were found. The results for diffuse opacity (RR = 1.21; 95% CI: 0.18-8.15) and demarcated opacity (RR = 1.26; 95% CI: 0.43-3.65) were not significant. GRADE analysis presented low and very low certainty of evidence. It was concluded that there is an association between DDE and ECC. However, the results should be interpreted with caution because of the limitations of the study. The protocol for this study has been registered in PROSPERO under identification number CRD42021238919.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.