SynthesisResearch report (Health Effects Institute)2021
Mortality and Morbidity Effects of Long-Term Exposure to Low-Level PM
Synthesis in Research report (Health Effects Institute), 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 116 papers, 7 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
116 citing papers in PubMed, 7 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 133 citations in OpenAlex.
- Air pollution and cause-specific mortality in EU: a review integrating meta-analysis and meta-regression.Scientific reports · 2026Pooled it
- Long-term exposure to elemental carbon and disease incidence: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Environmental health : a global access science source · 2025Pooled it
- Environmental burden of disease resulting from long-term nitrogen dioxide exposure in Germany.BMC public health · 2025Pooled it
- Key factors in epidemiological exposure and insights for environmental management: Evidence from meta-analysis.Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987) · 2024Pooled it
- Long-Term Exposure to Particulate Matter and Mortality: An Update of the WHO Global Air Quality Guidelines Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.International journal of public health · 2024Pooled it
- Long-Term Exposure to Nitrogen Dioxide and Ozone and Mortality: Update of the WHO Air Quality Guidelines Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.International journal of public health · 2024Pooled it
- Long-Term Exposure to Low-LevelEnvironmental health perspectives · 2023Pooled it
- Is black carbon associated with cardiovascular and cancer mortality? Evidence from the Malmö Diet and Cancer Cohort.Global health action · 2026Article
- The APHEA project as a turning point in modern environmental epidemiology: Current and future relevance.Environmental epidemiology (Philadelphia, Pa.) · 2026Article
- Air Pollution, Temperature, and Demographic Vulnerability as Determinants of Cause-Specific Mortality in Portugal.Journal of xenobiotics · 2026Article
- Association between chronic respiratory diseases and the attributable risk of long-term exposure to atmospheric particulate matters among middle-aged and elderly Chinese population.Fundamental research · 2026Article
- The triple-hit hypothesis: exploring pulmonary e-cigarette, PMEuropean respiratory review : an official journal of the European Respiratory Society · 2026Review
- Changes of Long-Term Exposure to Ultrafine Particles From 2010 to 2019 in High Income Countries in Relation to Cardiovascular Diseases.GeoHealth · 2026Article
- KlimaNot-Effects of Climate Change on Emergency and Acute Care: Protocol for a Multicenter, Registry-Based Observational Cohort Study.JMIR research protocols · 2026Observational
- Mortality Burden and Years of Life Lost Attributable to Air Pollution in Liguria, Italy: A Health Impact Assessment.Journal of xenobiotics · 2026Article
- Impact of Air Pollution on Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Fatty Liver Disease.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Joint effects of PMScientific reports · 2026Article
- Long-Term Exposure to Air Pollution and Incidence of Parkinson's Disease: A Danish Nationwide Administrative Cohort Study.Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society · 2026Article
- Winter Temperature and Long-Term Mortality After Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting: A Multicenter Cohort Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Impact of air pollution on exacerbations of respiratory and cardiovascular diseases for the intensivist: a narrative review.Intensive care medicine experimental · 2026Review
56 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
43 authors at 17 institutions in 10 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionEpidemiological cohort studies have consistently found associations between long-term exposure to outdoor air pollution and a range of morbidity and mortality endpoints. Recent evaluations by the World Health Organization and the Global Burden of Disease study have suggested that these associations may be nonlinear and may persist at very low concentrations. Studies conducted in North America in particular have suggested that associations with mortality persisted at concentrations of particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of less than 2.5 μm (PM
methodsWe focused on analyses of health effects of air pollutants at low concentrations, defined as less than current European Union (EU) Limit Values, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA), National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS), and/or World Health Organization (WHO) Air Quality Guideline values for PM
resultsIn the pooled cohort, virtually all subjects in 2010 had PM
conclusionsLong-term exposure to PM
Indexed as
Identifiers
36106702PMC9476567W4295905154What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.