ArticleTherapeutic advances in musculoskeletal disease2022
High inflammatory burden predicts cardiovascular events in patients with axial spondyloarthritis: a long-term follow-up study.
Article in Therapeutic advances in musculoskeletal disease, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed.
- Trial
- Is there a link between non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and cardiovascular risk in patients with inflammatory arthritis?Atherosclerosis plus · 2026Review
- Risk of Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events and Thromboembolism Events in Patients with Psoriatic Arthritis on JAK Inhibitors: A Network Meta-Analysis.Rheumatology and therapy · 2025Review
- Cardiovascular risk in axial spondyloarthritis: the interplay of inflammation, traditional risk factors, and management strategies.Rheumatology international · 2025Review
- Molecular insights into the relationship between sustained CRP elevation and endothelial dysfunction in axial spondyloarthritis.RMD open · 2025Article
- Cross-sectional analysis of cardiovascular disease and risk factors in patients with spondyloarthritis: a real-life evidence from biostar nationwide registry.Rheumatology international · 2024Article
- Early-stage hypertension defined by the 2017 ACC/AHA blood pressure guideline carries excessive cardiovascular risk in axial spondyloarthritis patients.Therapeutic advances in musculoskeletal disease · 2024Article
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7 authors.
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Abstract
Background: Axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) patients are at higher risk of cardiovascular (CV) disease (CVD) than the general population, partly due to consequences of inflammation or its treatment. But relationship between inflammation in axSpA and cardiovascular events (CVE) is unknown. Objectives: To examine whether inflammatory burden over time can predict CVE independent of baseline CV risk factors in axSpA patients. Design: A cohort analysis was performed in patients who had been recruited since January 2001. The primary outcome was a first CVE occurring between January 2001 and December 2020. Methods: Three CVD risk scores were computed at baseline. The performance of the original and modified (*1.5 multiplication factor) CV risk algorithms were assessed. Time-varying Cox proportional hazard models and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis were used to assess whether inflammatory burden (Bath ankylosing spondylitis disease activity index [BASDAI] and inflammatory markers), nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and disease modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) can predict the development of first CVE. Results: 463 patients (35 [26-45] years, male: 360 [77.8%]) were recruited. After a median follow-up of 12 (7-19) years, 61 patients (13.2%) experienced a first CVE. Traditional/modified CV risk scores underestimated CV risk. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) ⩾ 20 mm/h was associated with a significantly higher risk of CVE during follow-up (HR: 2.07, 95%CI [1.10, 3.98], Conclusion: Increased inflammatory burden as reflected by elevated ESR levels (ESR ⩾ 20) was associated with increased risk of CVE, while the use of NSAIDs and DMARDs were not.
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