ArticlePloS one2022
Veterinary consumption of highest priority critically important antimicrobials and various growth promoters based on import data in Pakistan.
Article in PloS one, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.
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11 citing papers in PubMed.
- Antimicrobial resistance profiling of Salmonella and Escherichia coli isolates from conventional poultry farms in Hossana Town, Central Ethiopia.BMC veterinary research · 2025Article
- Bovine mastitis and antimicrobial resistance in Pakistan's dairy sector: current status and future prospects.Veterinary research communications · 2025Review
- Challenges and Future Prospects of Pakistan's Animal Industry: Economic Potential, Emerging Trends, and Strategic Directions.Veterinary sciences · 2025Review
- National-Level Consumption of Antimicrobials in the Veterinary Sector in Uganda: A Report on Analysis of Import Data for 2021.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- A report of the in-farm variation of antimicrobial use in commercial broiler production in Pakistan using an international monitoring system based on treatment frequency.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2025Article
- Quantification of Antimicrobial Use on Commercial Broiler Farms in Pakistan.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2024Article
- A systematic review and meta-analysis of carbapenem resistance and its possible treatment options with focus on clinicalHeliyon · 2024Article
- Cross-Sectional Study for Detection and Risk Factor Analysis of ESBL-Producing Avian PathogenicAntibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Case Study: Using a Shared International Database to Document Veterinary Consumption of Antibiotics in Pakistan.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- The effect of antibiotic usage on resistance in humans and food-producing animals: a longitudinal, One Health analysis using European data.Frontiers in public health · 2023Article
- Antimicrobial consumption in food animals in Fiji: Analysis of the 2017 to 2021 import data.Frontiers in antibiotics · 2022Article
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5 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundAntimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global public health emergency driven by the indiscriminate use of antimicrobial agents in humans and animals. Antimicrobial consumption surveillance guides its containment efforts. In this study, we estimated, for the first time, veterinary consumption of Critically Important Antimicrobials with Highest Priority (CIA-HtP) for Pakistan.
methodsThe study used an export/import database which provided imports data collected from the Pakistan Customs Authority. We investigated imports of 7 CIA-HtP and various poultry feed additives/growth promoters (FAs/GPs) identified from a survey of 10 poultry and dairy farms in Punjab province in Pakistan and a previously published study, over a three-year period of 2017-2019. Antimicrobial consumption was estimated in mg/kg of country's animal biomass.
findingsImports, in tonnes, for these 7 CIA-HtP were for the years 2017-19: tylosin 240.84, enrofloxacin 235.14, colistin 219.73, tilmicosin 97.32, spiramycin 5.79, norfloxacin 5.55, ceftiofur 1.02 for a total 805.39 tonnes. The corresponding antimicrobial consumption was 10.05 mg/kg of animal biomass. The poultry FAs/GPs contained: zinc bacitracin, enramycin, bacitracin methylene disalicylate, tylosin, tiamulin, colistin, lincomycin, streptomycin, flavophospholipol, tilmicosin, and penicillin with a total antimicrobial chemical compound (ACC) import volume of 577.18 tonnes for the years 2017-2019; and an estimated consumption of 96.53 mg/kg of poultry biomass.
interpretationThese antimicrobials were a mix of macrolides, quinolones, polymyxins and cephalosporins, among which are some also on the Watch or Reserve list by the WHO, indicating the need for stewardship and to conserve essential antimicrobials to contain AMR. The finding that a yearly average of 192.39 tonnes of the ACC imported were FAs/GPs further highlight the need for stronger regulation and enforcement.
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