ArticlemBio2022
Immune Imprinting Drives Human Norovirus Potential for Global Spread.
Article in mBio, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed, 50 citations in OpenAlex.
- Emergence of a novel GII.17 variant is associated with immune evasion rather than an altered HBGA-binding profile.PLoS pathogens · 2026Article
- Antigenic mapping of H2 influenza viruses recognized by ferret and human sera and predicting antigenically significant sites.mSphere · 2026Article
- Structural and genetic analysis of neutralizing antibodies reveals mechanisms of GII.4 norovirus antigenic evolution.Research square · 2026Article
- Sustained persistence of blockade antibodies against emerging GII.4 and GII.17 noroviruses revealed by a 5-year community-based serological study.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Article
- Antigenic Mapping of H2 Influenza Viruses recognized by Ferret and Human Sera and Predicting Antigenically Significant Sites.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Molecular Evolution and Epidemiology of Norovirus GII.4 Viruses in the United States.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Article
- Norovirus replication, host interactions and vaccine advances.Nature reviews. Microbiology · 2025Review
- The saga to monitor and control norovirus: the rise of GII.17.The Journal of general virology · 2025Review
- Review
- Persistence of the Immune Response to an Intramuscular Bivalent (GI.1/GII.4) Norovirus Vaccine in Adults.Vaccines · 2025Article
- Immune imprinting: The persisting influence of the first antigenic encounter with rapidly evolving viruses.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2024Review
- Serodynamics: A primer and synthetic review of methods for epidemiological inference using serological data.Epidemics · 2024Review
- Bivalent norovirus mRNA vaccine elicits cellular and humoral responses protecting human enteroids from GII.4 infection.NPJ vaccines · 2024Article
- INTRA- AND INTER-HOST EVOLUTION OF HUMAN NOROVIRUS IN HEALTHY ADULTS.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2024Article
- A narrative review of norovirus epidemiology, biology, and challenges to vaccine development.NPJ vaccines · 2024Review
- Antigenic Characterization of Novel Human Norovirus GII.4 Variants San Francisco 2017 and Hong Kong 2019.Emerging infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Comprehensive full genome analysis of norovirus strains from eastern India, 2017-2021.Gut pathogens · 2024Article
- Emergence of Novel Norovirus GII.4 Variant.Emerging infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Complex norovirus transmission dynamics at hospital wards revealed by deep sequencing.Journal of clinical microbiology · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
22 authors at 7 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Understanding the complex interactions between virus and host that drive new strain evolution is key to predicting the emergence potential of variants and informing vaccine development. Under our hypothesis, future dominant human norovirus GII.4 variants with critical antigenic properties that allow them to spread are currently circulating undetected, having diverged years earlier. Through large-scale sequencing of GII.4 surveillance samples, we identified two variants with extensive divergence within domains that mediate neutralizing antibody binding. Subsequent serological characterization of these strains using temporally resolved adult and child sera suggests that neither candidate could spread globally in adults with multiple GII.4 exposures, yet young children with minimal GII.4 exposure appear susceptible. Antigenic cartography of surveillance and outbreak sera indicates that continued population exposure to GII.4 Sydney 2012 and antigenically related variants over a 6-year period resulted in a broadening of immunity to heterogeneous GII.4 variants, including those identified here. We show that the strongest antibody responses in adults exposed to GII.4 Sydney 2012 are directed to previously circulating GII.4 viruses. Our data suggest that the broadening of antibody responses compromises establishment of strong GII.4 Sydney 2012 immunity, thereby allowing the continued persistence of GII.4 Sydney 2012 and modulating the cycle of norovirus GII.4 variant replacement. Our results indicate a cycle of norovirus GII.4 variant replacement dependent upon population immunity. Young children are susceptible to divergent variants; therefore, emergence of these strains worldwide is driven proximally by changes in adult serological immunity and distally by viral evolution that confers fitness in the context of immunity.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.