ArticleBiology2022
Cytokine Profiling among Children with Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome versus Simple COVID-19 Infection: A Study from Northwest Saudi Arabia.
Article in Biology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 22 citations in OpenAlex.
- Association of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12, TNF-α, and IFN-α With Severe Pediatric COVID-19 and Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome.Biomarker insights · 2026Article
- Cytokine and Whole-Genome Sequence Analysis in Korean Patients With Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children.Journal of Korean medical science · 2025Article
- Rare Structural Variants Uncovered by Optical Genome Mapping in Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C).Advanced genetics (Hoboken, N.J.) · 2025Article
- Immunological Mechanisms Underlying Allergy Predisposition After SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Children.Cells · 2025Review
- Article
- The influence of genetic polymorphisms on cytokine profiles in pediatric COVID-19: a pilot study.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2025Article
- Prognostic Value of Baseline Serum Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines in Severe Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Article
- Back to Basics: The Diagnostic Value of a Complete Blood Count in the Clinical Management of COVID-19.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- The Spectrum of Postacute Sequelae of COVID-19 in Children: From MIS-C to Long COVID.Annual review of virology · 2024Review
- Assessing the Diagnostic Values of the Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR) and Systematic Immunoinflammatory Index (SII) as Biomarkers in Predicting COVID-19 Severity: A Multicentre Comparative Study.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2024Article
- Plasma IL-17A is increased in patients with critical MIS-C and associated to in-hospital mortality.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Genetics of Primary Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2024Review
- Developing a COVID-19 Mortality Prediction (CoMPred) Indicator for ICU Diabetic Patients Treated with Tocilizumab in Saudi Arabia: A Proof-of-Concept Study.Biomedicines · 2023Article
- Successful Use of Granulocyte and Monocyte Adsorptive Apheresis in a Patient with Post-COVID-19 Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Adults.Internal medicine (Tokyo, Japan) · 2023Article
- Pediatric multisystem inflammatory syndrome associated with COVID-19: Insights in pathogenesis and clinical management.World journal of virology · 2023Review
- Fulminant Encephalitis Caused by SARS-CoV-2 in a Two-Month-Old Infant: Correspondence.Indian journal of pediatrics · 2023Article
- Demographic, clinical and laboratory differences between paediatric acute COVID-19 and PIMS-TS-results from a single centre study in the UK.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2023Article
- Nutraceuticals for Complementary Treatment of Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children: A Perspective from Their Use in COVID-19.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundMultisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) is a novel syndrome associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection with varying clinical features. This study aimed to analyze the expression profiles of cytokines in blood, report the important clinical characteristics, and correlate these with the short- and mid-term outcomes.
methodsThis cross-sectional study was conducted on hospitalized children with MIS-C from March 2021 to May 2022. Phenotypes were classified into two groups (A,B) according to the severity of the disease and the need for invasive respiratory support. Clinical features, laboratory parameters, and outcomes were reported.
resultsWe identified 60 children with MIS-C (mean age of 7.4 ± 3.8 years) compared to 30 age- and sex-matched controls with simple COVID-19. The clinical manifestations of MIS-C patients were fever (100%), respiratory (83.3%), GIT (80%), and conjunctivitis (80%). Twenty-seven MIS-C children (45%) required PICU admission due to shock and needed mechanical ventilation. Anemia, lymphopenia, and elevated levels of inflammatory and tissue injury markers were observed in the MIS-C groups (mainly B). High cytokine levels (IL-1β, IL-6, IFN-α, GM-CSF, and HMGB1) were observed acutely in the MIS-C children, and a persistent elevation of some cytokines were reported at midterm follow-up, especially in Group B.
conclusionRobust inflammatory response to COVID-19 disease with elevated IL-1β, IL-6, and GM-CSF levels might explain the severity and outcome of the clinical syndrome.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.