ArticlePLoS biology2022
Plasma metabolome predicts trained immunity responses after antituberculosis BCG vaccination.
Article in PLoS biology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 30 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
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Who cites it
30 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 43 citations in OpenAlex.
- Immune mechanisms mediating the heterologous effects of BCG vaccination: a systematic review.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Pooled it
- Maturation-Dependent Constraints in the Ability of Human Monocytes to Initiate Trained Immunity.MedComm · 2026Article
- Host-pathogen interactions in tuberculosis: from immunological mechanisms to translational applications.Cell insight · 2026Review
- Review
- Circulating metabolites associated with protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and inhibition of mycobacterial growth.Communications biology · 2026Article
- Integrative profiling of transcriptome and H3K27ac modification reveals changes associated with BCG-induced trained immunity in bovine immune cells.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Multi-Omics Analysis Reveals Sex-Specific Signatures for BCG Vaccine Efficacy.European journal of immunology · 2026Article
- Metabolic biomarkers differentiate extrapulmonary tuberculosis from pulmonary TB and non-TB pleural effusions.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- Unveiling genetic signatures of immune response in immune-related diseases through single-cell eQTL analysis across diverse conditions.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Sex-specific DNA methylation associations with circulating urate levels and BCG-induced urate changes.Communications medicine · 2025Article
- Elevated Serum TNF-α/IL-1β Levels and Under-Nutrition Predict Early Mortality and Hospital Stay Burden in Pulmonary Tuberculosis.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Immunization with Complete Freund's Adjuvant Reveals Trained Immunity-like Features in A/J Mice.Vaccines · 2025Article
- Long-term DNA methylation changes mediate heterologous cytokine responses after BCG vaccination.Genome biology · 2025Article
- SARS-CoV2 variants differentially impact on the plasma metabolome.Metabolomics : Official journal of the Metabolomic Society · 2025Article
- Immune correlates of early clearance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis among tuberculosis household contacts in Indonesia.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Metabolomic heterogeneity of ageing with ethnic diversity: a step closer to healthy ageing.Metabolomics : Official journal of the Metabolomic Society · 2024Article
- Mannan-Decorated Lipid Calcium Phosphate Nanoparticle Vaccine Increased the Antitumor Immune Response by Modulating the Tumor Microenvironment.Journal of functional biomaterials · 2024Review
- Metabolic Regulation in the Induction of Trained Immunity.Seminars in immunopathology · 2024Review
- TNF in Human Tuberculosis: A Double-Edged Sword.Immune network · 2024Review
- BCG vaccination-induced acquired control of mycobacterial growth differs from growth control preexisting to BCG vaccination.Nature communications · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
14 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
The antituberculosis vaccine Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) induces nonspecific protection against heterologous infections, at least partly through induction of innate immune memory (trained immunity). The amplitude of the response to BCG is variable, but the factors that influence this response are poorly understood. Metabolites, either released by cells or absorbed from the gut, are known to influence immune responses, but whether they impact BCG responses is not known. We vaccinated 325 healthy individuals with BCG, and collected blood before, 2 weeks and 3 months after vaccination, to assess the influence of circulating metabolites on the immune responses induced by BCG. Circulating metabolite concentrations after BCG vaccination were found to have a more pronounced impact on trained immunity responses, such as the increase in IL-1β and TNF-α production upon Staphylococcus aureus stimulation, than on specific adaptive immune memory, assessed as IFN-γ production in response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Circulating metabolites at baseline were able to predict trained immunity responses at 3 months after vaccination and enrichment analysis based on the metabolites positively associated with trained immunity revealed enrichment of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and glutamine metabolism, both of which were previously found to be important for trained immunity. Several new metabolic pathways that influence trained immunity were identified, among which taurine metabolism associated with BCG-induced trained immunity, a finding validated in functional experiments. In conclusion, circulating metabolites are important factors influencing BCG-induced trained immunity in humans. Modulation of metabolic pathways may be a novel strategy to improve vaccine and trained immunity responses.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.