ArticleThe oncologist2022
Access to and Affordability of World Health Organization Essential Medicines for Cancer in Sub-Saharan Africa: Examples from Kenya, Rwanda, and Uganda.
Article in The oncologist, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
28 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 33 citations in OpenAlex.
- Access to Essential Medicines in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review of Barriers and Facilitators.International journal of public health · 2026Pooled it
- Article
- Access and time to chemotherapy among Ethiopian cancer patients: a population-based registry study.The oncologist · 2026Article
- Weak economic evidence for WHO's essential cancer medicines for Africa.BMJ global health · 2026Article
- Patient- and caregiver-reported barriers to chemotherapy in nine sub-Saharan African countries: A cross-sectional survey among population-based registries.International journal of cancer · 2026Article
- Article
- Cancer: a looming public health crisis in Africa-a call to accelerate equitable access to medicines.The oncologist · 2026Article
- Chemotherapy Medications in Sub-Saharan Africa: Availability, Pricing, Affordability, and Predictors of Quality.JCO global oncology · 2026Article
- Access to cancer medicines in Kenya: a scoping review of costs, financial toxicity, quality of life and policy impacts.Ecancermedicalscience · 2026Review
- Global disparities in access to diagnostics and therapies for advanced non-small cell lung cancer: from discovery to delivery - a review.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Review
- The Current Landscape of Pancreatic Cancer Management in Sub-Saharan Africa - A Perspective Review.Health science reports · 2025Article
- A survey of availability, price, and affordability of innovative negotiated anticancer medicines: a retrospective study in Jiangsu Province, eastern China.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Time to inclusion of selected medicines for priority diseases in National Essential Medicines Lists compared with the WHO Model List.BMJ global health · 2025Article
- Gastric Cancer at a Nigerian Tertiary Referral Center: Experiences With Establishing an Institutional Cancer Registry.Journal of surgical oncology · 2025Article
- Precision medicine on a budget in Africa: using existing genetic data to mitigate adverse drug reactions to conventional cancer drugs.Frontiers in bioinformatics · 2025Article
- Changes in essential cancer medicines and association with cancer outcomes: an observational study of 158 countries.BMC cancer · 2024Observational
- Access to and Utilization of Endocrine Therapy Among Breast Cancer Survivors in Botswana.JCO global oncology · 2024Article
- Article
- Machine Learning to Predict Interim Response in Pediatric Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma Using Affordable Blood Tests.JCO global oncology · 2024Article
- Factors impacting hospitalisation and related health service costs in cancer survivors in Australia: Results from a population data linkage study in Queensland (COS-Q).Cancer medicine · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundCancer mortality is high in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), partly due to inadequate treatment access. We explored access to and affordability of cancer treatment regimens for the top 10 cancers utilizing examples from Kenya, Uganda, and Rwanda. MATERIALS AND
methodsPopulation, healthcare financing, minimum wage, and cancer incidence and mortality data were obtained from the WHO, World Bank, public sources, and GLOBOCAN. National Essential Medicines List (NEML) alignment with 2019 WHO EML was assessed as a proportion. Cancer regimen pricing was calculated using public and proprietary sources and methods from prior studies. Affordability through universal healthcare coverage (UHC) was assessed as 1-year cost <3× gross national income per capita; and to patients out-of-pocket (OOP), as 30-day treatment course cost <1 day of minimum wage work.
resultsA total of 93.4% of the WHO EML cancer medicines were listed on the 2019 Kenya NEML, and 70.5% and 41.1% on Uganda (2016) and Rwanda (2015) NEMLs, respectively. Generic chemotherapies were available and affordable to governments through UHC to treat non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, cervical, breast, prostate, colorectal, ovarian cancers, and select leukemias. Newer targeted agents were not affordable through government UHC purchasing, while some capecitabine-based regimens were not affordable in Uganda and Rwanda. All therapies were not affordable OOP.
conclusionAll cancer treatment regimens were not affordable OOP and some were not covered by governments. Newer targeted drugs were not affordable to all 3 governments. UHC of cancer drugs and improving targeted therapy affordability to LMIC governments in SSA are key to improving treatment access and health outcomes.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.