ArticleFrontiers in pharmacology2022
6-Gingerol attenuates subarachnoid hemorrhage-induced early brain injury via GBP2/PI3K/AKT pathway in the rat model.
Article in Frontiers in pharmacology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.
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15 citing papers in PubMed, 21 citations in OpenAlex.
- 6-gingerol Attenuates Inflammatory Response in Rats With Spinal Cord Injury by Reducing NLRP3-mediated Microglial Pyroptosis.Journal of neuroimmune pharmacology : the official journal of the Society on NeuroImmune Pharmacology · 2026Article
- 6-Gingerol alleviates high glucose-induced inflammation and cytotoxicity in THP-1 cells by inhibiting TLR4 signaling.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Insights into biological activities profile of gingerols and shogaols for potential pharmacological applications.Archives of pharmacal research · 2025Review
- Article
- Overexpression of Heme Oxygenase 1 Enhances the Neuroprotective Effects of Exosomes in Subarachnoid Hemorrhage by Suppressing Oxidative Stress and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress.Molecular neurobiology · 2025Article
- Mechanisms and potential therapeutic molecular targets in blood-brain barrier disruption following subarachnoid hemorrhage: a review of early brain injury.Frontiers in neurology · 2025Review
- From mechanisms to therapies: the multifaceted roles of guanylate-binding protein 2 in immunity, cancer, and beyond.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- 6-Gingerol Induced Apoptosis and Cell Cycle Arrest in Glioma Cells via MnSOD and ERK Phosphorylation Modulation.Biomolecules & therapeutics · 2025Article
- Update on Strategies to Reduce Early Brain Injury after Subarachnoid Hemorrhage.Current neurology and neuroscience reports · 2024Review
- Effects of ginger root extract on cognitive impairment and the Nrf2/GPX4/SLC7A11 signaling pathway in aluminum-exposed rats.Metabolic brain disease · 2024Article
- Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Alleviate Brain Damage Following Subarachnoid Hemorrhage via the Interaction of miR-140-5p and HDAC7.Molecular neurobiology · 2024Article
- 6-gingerol and its derivatives inhibitFrontiers in microbiology · 2024Article
- Integrated inflammatory signaling landscape response after delivering Elovanoid free-fatty-acid precursors leading to experimental stroke neuroprotection.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Review
- The Critical Role of Sirt1 in Subarachnoid Hemorrhages: Mechanism and Therapeutic Considerations.Brain sciences · 2023Review
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Numerous studies have elucidated the neuroprotective effect of 6-gingerol in central nervous system diseases. However, the potential role and mechanism of 6-gingerol on early brain injury (EBI) after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) remains poorly understood. Here, we report that 6-gingerol exerts a neuroprotective effect on SAH-induced EBI through the GBP2/PI3K/AKT pathway. A SAH rat model was established by injecting femoral artery blood into the cisterna magna. 6-gingerol or vehicle was injected intraperitoneally 1 hour post-SAH induction. We found that the neurological function score and brain edema of SAH rats were significantly improved after 6-gingerol treatment, as well as neuronal apoptosis was attenuated in SAH rats by Nissl staining assay and TUNEL assay. To further explore potential molecular mechanisms associated with 6-gingerol, RNA sequencing was implemented to investigate the differences in transcriptomes between SAH rats with and without 6-gingerol treatment; and found that the expression of guanylate-binding protein 2 (GBP2) evidently was suppressed with 6-gingerol treatment compared to vehicle group. In addition, dual immunofluorescence was also employed to investigate changes in neurons, astrocytes, and microglia after 6-gingerol treatment. The results showed that GBP2 was expressed in neurons but not astrocytes or microglia. Western blotting analysis results demonstrated that the PI3K/AKT pathway was activated in the SAH rats treated with 6-gingerol. Furthermore, recombinant GBP2 protein and LY294002 (PI3K inhibitor) treatment reversed the effects of 6-gingerol treatment in SAH rats. These results indicate that 6-gingerol suppressed the expression of GBP2 to activate the PI3K/AKT pathway, improve neurologic outcomes, reduce brain edema and neuronal apoptosis. In summary, our findings suggest that 6-gingerol could attenuate EBI post-SAH in rats, and 6-gingerol may serve as a novel candidate neuroprotective drug for SAH-induced EBI.
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