SynthesisFrontiers in public health2022
The effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines in reducing the incidence, hospitalization, and mortality from COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Synthesis in Frontiers in public health, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 118 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
118 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 209 citations in OpenAlex.
- Night-shift work and susceptibility to infectious diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Scandinavian journal of work, environment & health · 2025Pooled it
- Comparative Effectiveness of mRNA-1273 and BNT162b2 COVID-19 Vaccines Among Adults with Underlying Medical Conditions: Systematic Literature Review and Pairwise Meta-Analysis Using GRADE.Advances in therapy · 2025Pooled it
- The Efficacy of SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination in the Elderly: A Systemic Review and Meta-analysis.Journal of general internal medicine · 2023Pooled it
- Chimeric SARS-CoV-2 vaccine vectors stably incorporating the functional glycoprotein of VSV.iScience · 2026Article
- Influenza.Nature reviews. Disease primers · 2026Review
- COVID-19 Vaccine Reactogenicity Marks an Innate Inflammatory Response Associated With HLA Variation and Enhanced Protection.Research square · 2026Article
- Patient Safety Implications of Opportunistic Pathogens and Healthcare-Associated Infections in COVID-19 Patients: A Narrative Review.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- The Efficacy of COVID-19 Vaccination in Mortality Among Multi-Ethnic Long-Term Care Residents in New Zealand.Australasian journal on ageing · 2026Article
- Mobile Vaccine Uptake (MoVeUP): a randomized effectiveness trial for a vaccine communication app.Vaccine: X · 2026Article
- Bacterial Membrane Vesicles as Versatile Platforms for Systemic and Mucosal Vaccines.Vaccines · 2026Review
- Previous COVID-19 Vaccination Modulates Type I Interferon and Natural Killer Cell Responses During SARS-CoV-2 Infection.Journal of cellular and molecular medicine · 2026Article
- Mechanisms underlying immunodynamics of layered defenses elicited by mRNA vaccination in children.BMC medicine · 2026Article
- An analysis of COVID-19 mortality regarding all Austrian political districts.Wiener klinische Wochenschrift · 2026Article
- Lessons from Two Early COVID-19 Hospital Outbreaks in Germany to Inform Strategies for Controlling Emerging Nosocomial Outbreaks of Highly Transmissible Respiratory Viruses.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Characterizing persistent Post-COVID-19 vaccination symptoms using MedDRA system organ class and preferred term classifications.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Effect of COVID-19 vaccination and SARS-CoV-2 infection status on mortality risk in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a nationwide population-based cohort study.Respiratory research · 2026Article
- Humoral immunity and infection status of PLWH following vaccination after the BA.5/BF.7 wave.Frontiers in microbiology · 2026Article
- Disaster and distress: The double burden. Depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder in doctors during the COVID-19 pandemic in Pakistan.PLOS mental health · 2026Article
- COVID-19 mRNA vaccination and all-cause mortality in the adult population in Norway during 2021-2023: a population-based cohort study.BMJ public health · 2026Article
- Retrospective Cohort Analysis of Survival After SARS-CoV-2 Infection by Vaccination Status in Jamaica, April-December 2021.Vaccines · 2025Article
58 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors at 7 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Vaccination, one of the most important and effective ways of preventing infectious diseases, has recently been used to control the COVID-19 pandemic. The present meta-analysis study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines in reducing the incidence, hospitalization, and mortality from COVID-19. Methods: A systematic search was performed independently in Scopus, PubMed Results: A total of 54 studies were included in this meta-analysis. The PVE against SARS-COV 2 infection were 71% [odds ratio (OR) = 0.29, 95% confidence intervals (CI): 0.23-0.36] in the first dose and 87% (OR = 0.13, 95% CI: 0.08-0.21) in the second dose. The PVE for preventing hospitalization due to COVID-19 infection was 73% (OR = 0.27, 95% CI: 0.18-0.41) in the first dose and 89% (OR = 0.11, 95% CI: 0.07-0.17) in the second dose. With regard to the type of vaccine, mRNA-1273 and combined studies in the first dose and ChAdOx1 and mRNA-1273 in the second dose had the highest effectiveness in preventing infection. Regarding the COVID-19-related mortality, PVE was 68% (HR = 0.32, 95% CI: 0.23-0.45) in the first dose and 92% (HR = 0.08, 95% CI: 0.02-0.29) in the second dose. Conclusion: The results of this meta-analysis indicated that vaccination against COVID-19 with BNT162b2 mRNA, mRNA-1273, and ChAdOx1, and also their combination, was associated with a favorable effectiveness against SARS-CoV2 incidence rate, hospitalization, and mortality rate in the first and second doses in different populations. We suggest that to prevent the severe form of the disease in the future, and, in particular, in the coming epidemic picks, vaccination could be the best strategy to prevent the severe form of the disease. Systematic review registration: PROSPERO International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews: http://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/, identifier [CRD42021289937].
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.