ArticleSSM - population health2022
The enduring effects of racism on health: Understanding direct and indirect effects over time.
Article in SSM - population health, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed.
- Historically informed quality improvement: applying historical insights from Black women's maternity care to contemporary health service redesign.International journal for quality in health care : journal of the International Society for Quality in Health Care · 2026Article
- "The community's memory is timeless": exploring cultural and community context to inform the public health response to the overdose crisis in black communities.Harm reduction journal · 2026Article
- Associations Between Experiences of Racial Discrimination Across the Life Course and Mental Health: Exploring Direct and Indirect Pathways.Sociology of health & illness · 2025Article
- Guiding principles for accelerating change through health inequities research and practice: A modified Delphi consensus process.PloS one · 2025Article
- Rethinking and Reinforcing Cultural Humility Against the Culture Wars: A Framework For Addressing Receptivity to Diversity Initiatives.Medical education online · 2024Article
- Diversity and "Successful Aging": Exploring Intersectional and Existential Dimensions to Aging Well.The Gerontologist · 2024Article
- Racial Disparities in Foot Examination among People with Diabetes in Brazil: A Nationwide Survey, 2019.Ethnicity & disease · 2024Article
- PrEP Among Sub-Saharan African Diaspora Communities in Belgium - a Participatory Action Research Study.Journal of community health · 2024Article
- Disproportionate infection, hospitalisation and death from COVID-19 in ethnic minority groups and Indigenous Peoples: an application of the Priority Public Health Conditions analytical framework.EClinicalMedicine · 2024Review
- Everyday discrimination, co-ethnic social support and mood changes in young adult immigrants in Germany-Evidence from an ecological momentary assessment study.Journal of migration and health · 2024Article
- Ethnic inequities in the patterns of personalized care adjustments for 'informed dissent' and 'patient unsuitable': a retrospective study using Clinical Practice Research Datalink.Journal of public health (Oxford, England) · 2023Article
- Decolonizing Epidemiological Research: A Critical Perspective.Avicenna journal of medicine · 2023Review
- The economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on ethnic minorities in Manchester: lessons from the early stage of the pandemic.Frontiers in sociology · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Experiences of racism and racial discrimination are associated with poorer mental and physical health outcomes for people from minoritised ethnic groups. One mechanism by which racism leads to poor health is through reduced socio-economic resources, but the evidence documenting the direct and indirect effects of racism on health via socio-economic inequality over time is under-developed. The central aims of this paper are to better understand how racism affects health over time, by age, and via the key mechanism of socio-economic inequality. This paper analyses large-scale, nationally representative data from the UK Household Longitudinal Study (Understanding Society) 2009-2019. Findings from longitudinal structural equation models clearly indicate the enduring effects of racism on health, which operate over time both directly and indirectly through lower income and poorer prior health. Repeated exposure to racism severely and negatively impacts the health of people from minoritised ethnic groups. These findings make an important contribution to the existing evidence base, demonstrating the enduring effects of racism on health over time and across age groups.
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.