ArticleCommunity, work & family2019
Involuntary vs. Voluntary Flexible Work: Insights for Scholars and Stakeholders.
Article in Community, work & family, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 34 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
34 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Part-time or full-time teleworking? A systematic review of the psychosocial risk factors of telework from home.Frontiers in psychology · 2023Pooled it
- The Unseen Costs of Low-Income Work: Understanding the Relationship Between Parent Work and Child Cognitive and Academic Outcomes.Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Latent class patterns of work-life balance changes among Korean SME workers during COVID-19 based on organizational support and psychosocial health.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Hybrid work and mental distress: a cross-sectional study of 24,763 office workers in the Norwegian public sector.International archives of occupational and environmental health · 2025Article
- Psychosocial working conditions and mental well-being of remote and stationary employees: a longitudinal study.International journal of occupational medicine and environmental health · 2025Article
- Covid-19 pandemic-related changes in teleworking, emotional exhaustion, and occupational burnout: a cross-sectional analysis of a cohort study.BMC public health · 2025Article
- When do employees feel isolated when working from home? Longitudinal trajectories, antecedents and outcomes of workplace isolation during the COVID-19 pandemic.Frontiers in psychology · 2025Article
- Working from home and health complaints: on the difference between telework and informal overtime at home.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Teleworking: does it make workers healthier and productive? A cross-sectional study on a Southern European population.BMC public health · 2024Article
- Comparing Exposure to Psychosocial Risks: Face-to-Face Work vs. Telework.La Medicina del lavoro · 2024Article
- Telecommuting during the COVID-19: the role of job demand and control on health outcomes.Annals of occupational and environmental medicine · 2024Article
- Working from home and mental well-being at different stages of the COVID-19 pandemic.PloS one · 2024Article
- Article
- Impact of work schedule characteristics on teacher mental health and burnout symptoms while remote working.American journal of industrial medicine · 2023Article
- Mismatch between actual and preferred extent of telework: cross-sectional and prospective associations with well-being and burnout.BMC public health · 2023Article
- Telecommuting-related health outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic in South Korea: a national population-based cross-sectional study.BMC public health · 2023Article
- How the mental health of working parents in Australia changed during COVID-19: A pre- to during pandemic longitudinal comparison.Journal of affective disorders · 2023Article
- Positioning Technostress in the JD-R Model Perspective: A Systematic Literature Review.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Why increase in telework may have affected employee well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic? The role of work and non-work life domains.Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.) · 2023Article
- The adoption of remote work platforms after the Covid-19 lockdown: New approach, new evidence.Journal of business research · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Building on insights from the early stages of our research partnership with a U.S. Fortune 500 organization, we came to differentiate between voluntary and involuntary schedule variability and remote work. This differentiation underscores the complexity behind flexible schedules and remote work, especially among white-collar, salaried professionals. We collected survey data among the partner firm's information technology (IT) workforce to evaluate whether these forms of flexibility had different implications for workers, as part of the larger Work, Family, and Health Network Study. We find that a significant minority of these employees report working variable schedules and working at home involuntarily. Additionally, involuntary variable schedules are associated with greater work-to-family conflict, stress, burnout, turnover intentions, and lower job satisfaction in models that adjust for personal characteristics, type of job, work hours, family demands, and other factors. Voluntary remote work, in contrast, is protective and more common in this professional sample. Employees working at least 20% of their hours at home and reporting moderate or high choice over where they work have lower stress and intentions to leave the firm (as well as higher job satisfaction in some models). These findings point to the importance of both stakeholders and scholars distinguishing between voluntary and involuntary forms of flexibility, even in a relatively advantaged professional and technical workforce.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.