Learning to read Chinese promotes two cortico-subcortical pathways: The development of thalamo-occipital and fronto-striatal circuits.

Learning to read may result in network reorganization in the developing brain. The thalamus and striatum are two important subcortical structures involved in learning to read. It remains unclear whether the thalamus and striatum may form two independent cortico-subcortical reading pathways during reading acquisition. In this prospective longitudinal study, we aimed to identify whether there may be two independent cortico-subcortical reading pathways involving the thalamus and striatum and to examine the longitudinal predictions between these two cortico-subcortical pathways and reading development in school-age children using cross-lagged panel modeling. A total of 334 children aged 6-12 years completed two reading assessments and resting functional imaging scans at approximately 12-month intervals. The results showed that there were two independent cortico-subcortical pathways, the thalamo-occipital and fronto-striatal circuits. The former may be part of a visual pathway and was predicted longitudinally by reading ability, and the prediction was stronger in children in lower grades and weaker in children in higher grades. The latter may be part of a cognitive pathway related to attention, memory, and reasoning, which was bidirectionally predicted with reading ability, and the predictive effect gradually increasing with reading development. These results extend previous findings on the relationship between functional connectivity and reading competence in children, highlighting the dynamic relationships between the thalamo-occipital and fronto-striatal circuits and reading acquisition.