Evidence map›Paper›PMID 36088414›Full record

ArticleBMC ophthalmology2022

The effects of topical cycloplegics in acute acquired comitant esotropia induced by excessive digital device usage.

Rijo Hayashi, Shimmin Hayashi, Shigeki Machida

Open access · goldAbstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in BMC ophthalmology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
14citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
2.6field-weighted citation impact, top 9% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

14 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 19 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Article
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  4. Observational
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  7. Observational
  8. Article
  9. Effects of cycloplegia on crystalline lens morphology and location in acute acquired concomitant esotropia.Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie · 2024
    Observational
  10. Review
  11. Article
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.

Rijo HayashiDepartment of Ophthalmology, Saitama Medical Center, Dokkyo Medical University, 2-1-50 Minamikoshigaya, Koshigaya, Saitama, 343-0845, Japan. lhayashi@dokkyomed.ac.jp.
Shimmin HayashiDepartment of Ophthalmology, Saitama Medical Center, Dokkyo Medical University, 2-1-50 Minamikoshigaya, Koshigaya, Saitama, 343-0845, Japan.
Shigeki MachidaDepartment of Ophthalmology, Saitama Medical Center, Dokkyo Medical University, 2-1-50 Minamikoshigaya, Koshigaya, Saitama, 343-0845, Japan.
Social Insurance Saitama Chuo Hospital · JPDokkyo Medical University Saitama Medical Center · JP

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundAcute acquired comitant esotropia induced by excessive digital device usage, especially smartphones (SAACE), has been increasing over the past few years. One suggested mechanism is convergence spasm induced by excessive near work, with refraining from digital device use considered to be an effective method for decreasing the degree of esodeviation. However, if symptoms persist and are untreated over time, recovery becomes more difficult. The present study evaluated the effects of topical cycloplegics on persistent SAACE untreated for over 1 year.

methodsPatients with sustained SAACE that was untreated for over 1 year were evaluated. Digital device usage was discouraged and a topical cycloplegic, 0.4% tropicamide, was prescribed at bedtime. After obtaining informed consent, the 14 out of 23 enrolled patients who agreed to eye drop administration were defined as the study group, with the others serving as the controls. After a 3-month follow-up, patients who elected to undergo surgery were analyzed as the surgery group. Changes in esotropia angles, stereoacuity and diplopia complaints were evaluated after a 3-month follow-up.

resultsEsotropia angles decreased and stereoacuity improved after a 3-month treatment in the study group (P < 0.01). Diplopia disappeared in 13 patients (92.9%, totally disappeared or disappeared when using glasses with built-in prisms). Among 11 patients with untreated esotropia ranging from 1-3 years, decreases in esotropia angles were correlated to untreated esotropia duration (near: R = -0.6; distance: R = 0.7; both P < 0.05). Esotropia angles in the control group exhibited a tendency to increase while stereoacuity tended to deteriorate after the 3-month follow-up. As diplopia did not disappear in any patients, 7 elected to undergo surgery and were enrolled as the surgery group. While esotropia angles decreased in the study group, they were lower than the surgery group (P < 0.01), but higher than the control group (P < 0.01). Stereoacuity was worse in the control versus the study and surgery groups (both P < 0.05).

conclusionResults suggest short-acting topical cycloplegics are effective in SAACE patients with long untreated periods. Decreases in esotropia angles were negatively correlated to untreated esotropia duration, which suggests the necessity of early treatment.

Indexed as

EsotropiaStrabismusAcute DiseaseDiplopiaHumansMydriaticsTropicamideMydriaticsTropicamideAcute acquired comitant esotropiaExcessive usage of digital devicessmartphoneTopical cycloplegics

Identifiers

PMID36088414
PMCPMC9463501
OpenAlexW4295095259

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.