ArticleOncogene2022
Tumor-derived exosomes deliver the tumor suppressor miR-3591-3p to induce M2 macrophage polarization and promote glioma progression.
Article in Oncogene, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 74 papers.
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Who cites it
74 citing papers in PubMed, 113 citations in OpenAlex.
- Cancer Neuroscience: From Local Neuro-Immune Microenvironments to Systemic Brain-Body Circuitry.MedComm · 2026Review
- Neuron-tumor crosstalk in cancer: molecular mechanisms and translational advances.Molecular cancer · 2026Review
- Ginsenosides as epigenetic modulators: HDAC, DNMT, and miRNA-targeted mechanisms in tumour suppression.Molecular biology reports · 2026Review
- Hypoxia-inducible factors: Regulatory functions and status as a therapeutic target in gastric cancer (Review).Oncology letters · 2026Review
- Engineered exosomes for targeted glioma therapy: overcoming the blood-brain barrier with nature-inspired nanocarriers.Discover nano · 2026Review
- Melanoma exosomal miR-708-5p promotes macrophage M2 polarization and cancer metastasis.Cell death & disease · 2026Article
- Article
- Extracellular vesicles in spine tumors: biological roles, immune modulation, and therapeutic implications.European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society · 2026Review
- Extracellular vesicle-derived miRNA-182-5p educates macrophages towards an immunosuppressive phenotype in pancreatic cancer.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2026Article
- Intracellular and exosomal miR-101-3p regulated by METTL14 confers Gefitinib sensitivity in NSCLC.Medical oncology (Northwood, London, England) · 2026Article
- MiR-218-5p inhibits glioma progression by targeting CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain-containing 3.BMC cancer · 2026Article
- Roles of exosome-mediated macrophage polarization in the hepatocellular carcinoma progression.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Glioma-derived extracellular vesicles as drivers of immunotherapeutic resistance: mechanisms of immune reprogramming and metabolic intervention.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Exogenous glucocorticoid dose impacts circulating microRNA expression in patients with adrenal insufficiency due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Article
- Article
- Review
- Extracellular vesicle-derived miR21 of non-tumoral origin as early diagnostic marker of glioma.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2025Article
- Advances in Tumor-Derived Exosomal Non-Coding RNAs Regulating M2 Macrophage Polarization: Molecular Mechanisms and Signaling Pathway.Cancer medicine · 2025Review
- Glioma tumor microenvironment and immunotherapy: past, present, and future.Biomarker research · 2025Review
- Microcargos with Megaeffects: A Literature Review of Immunomodulatory, Diagnostic, Prognostic, and Therapeutic Dimensions of Exosomal MicroRNAs in Glioblastoma Multiforme.Cellular and molecular neurobiology · 2025Review
14 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Exosomes can selectively secrete harmful metabolic substances from cells to maintain cellular homeostasis, and complex crosstalk occurs between exosomes and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) in the glioma immune microenvironment. However, the precise mechanisms by which these exosome-encapsulated cargos create an immunosuppressive microenvironment remain unclear. Herein, we investigated the effect of glioma-derived exosomes (GDEs) on macrophage polarization and glioma progression. We performed sequencing analysis of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and tumor tissues from glioma patients to identify functional microRNAs (miRNAs). High levels of miR-3591-3p were found in CSF and GDEs but not in normal brain tissue or glial cells. Functionally, GDEs and miR-3591-3p significantly induced M2 macrophage polarization and increased the secretion of IL10 and TGFβ1, which in turn promoted glioma invasion and migration. Moreover, miR-3591-3p overexpression in glioma cell lines resulted in G2/M arrest and markedly increased apoptosis. Mechanistically, miR-3591-3p can directly target CBLB and MAPK1 in macrophages and glioma cells, respectively, and further activate the JAK2/PI3K/AKT/mTOR, JAK2/STAT3, and MAPK signaling pathways. In vivo experiments confirmed that macrophages lentivirally transduced with miR-3591-3p can significantly promote glioma progression. Thus, our study demonstrates that tumor-suppressive miR-3591-3p in glioma cells can be secreted via exosomes and target TAMs to induce the formation of an immunosuppressive microenvironment. Collectively, these findings provide new insights into the role of glioma exosomal miRNAs in mediating the establishment of an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment and show that miR-3591-3p may be a valuable biomarker and that blocking the encapsulation of miR-3591-3p into exosomes may become a novel immunotherapeutic strategy for glioma.
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