Trial reportDiabetologia2022
Infections in the first year of life and development of beta cell autoimmunity and clinical type 1 diabetes in high-risk individuals: the TRIGR cohort.
Trial report in Diabetologia, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.
What it found
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 13 citations in OpenAlex.
- Clinical Aspects and Molecular Mechanisms of Cognitive Dysfunction in Children and Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Skin bacteriota ameliorates androgenetic alopecia via harmonizing skin immuno inflammatory balance.Brazilian journal of microbiology : [publication of the Brazilian Society for Microbiology] · 2026Article
- Respiratory infections in pregnancy and early life-association with the development of islet autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes in children: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies.EClinicalMedicine · 2025Article
- The Effect of COVID-19 on Incident Diabetes in Pediatric Patients: Findings From the National COVID-19 Cohort Collaborative (N3C).Pediatric diabetes · 2025Article
- The relationship between SARS-CoV-2 infection and type 1 diabetes mellitus.Nature reviews. Endocrinology · 2024Review
- Sequential data mining of infection patterns as predictors for onset of type 1 diabetes in genetically at-risk individuals.Journal of biomedical informatics · 2023Article
- Complex regulatory effects of gut microbial short-chain fatty acids on immune tolerance and autoimmunity.Cellular & molecular immunology · 2023Review
- Respiratory infections and type 1 diabetes: Potential roles in pathogenesis.Reviews in medical virology · 2023Review
- Type 1 diabetes - What's new in prevention and therapeutic strategies?Pediatric endocrinology, diabetes, and metabolism · 2023Article
- Maternal provisions in type 1 diabetes: Evidence for both protective & pathogenic potential.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 7 institutions in 5 countries.
Funding
Abstract
aims/hypothesisAccumulated data suggest that infections in early life contribute to the development of type 1 diabetes. Using data from the Trial to Reduce IDDM in the Genetically at Risk (TRIGR), we set out to assess whether children who later developed diabetes-related autoantibodies and/or clinical type 1 diabetes had different exposure to infections early in life compared with those who did not.
methodsA cohort of 2159 children with an affected first-degree relative and HLA-conferred susceptibility to type 1 diabetes were recruited between 2002 and 2007 and followed until 2017. Infections were registered prospectively. The relationship between infections in the first year of life and the development of autoantibodies or clinical type 1 diabetes was analysed using univariable and multivariable Cox regression models. As this study was exploratory, no adjustment was made for multiple comparisons.
resultsAdjusting for HLA, sex, breastfeeding duration and birth order, those who had seven or more infections during their first year of life were more likely to develop at least one positive type 1 diabetes-related autoantibody (p=0.028, HR 9.166 [95% CI 1.277, 65.81]) compared with those who had no infections. Those who had their first viral infection aged between 6 and 12 months were less likely to develop at least one positive type 1 diabetes-related antibody (p=0.043, HR 0.828 [95% CI 0.690, 0.994]) or multiple antibodies (p=0.0351, HR 0.664 [95% CI 0.453, 0.972]). Those who had ever had an unspecified bacterial infection were more likely to develop at least one positive type 1 diabetes-related autoantibody (p=0.013, HR 1.412 [95% CI 1.075, 1.854]), to develop multiple antibodies (p=0.037, HR 1.652 [95% CI 1.030, 2.649]) and to develop clinical type 1 diabetes (p=0.011, HR 2.066 [95% CI 1.182, 3.613]). CONCLUSIONS/
interpretationWe found weak support for the assumption that viral infections early in life may initiate the autoimmune process or later development of type 1 diabetes. In contrast, certain bacterial infections appeared to increase the risk of both multiple autoantibodies and clinical type 1 diabetes.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.