ArticleJournal of clinical medicine2022
Higher Thyroid fT3-to-fT4 Ratio Is Associated with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes.
Article in Journal of clinical medicine, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.
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Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 21 citations in OpenAlex.
- Management of Hypothyroidism in Pregnancy and Its Impact on Maternal and Perinatal Outcomes: A Single-Center Retrospective Cohort Study.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Maternal serum NRF2 at 12 weeks as a biomarker for development of gestation diabetes mellitus.Archives of gynecology and obstetrics · 2026Article
- Nonlinear Association Between THs, TSH, and HbA1c in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Retrospective Study.Journal of diabetes · 2026Article
- Low FT4 levels in early pregnancy are associated with higher insulin therapy need in women with gestational diabetes mellitus.European thyroid journal · 2026Article
- Thyroid markers in early to mid-pregnancy and risk of gestational diabetes: a longitudinal retrospective cohort study.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Article
- The association between maternal FT3/FT4 ratio in early pregnancy and adverse neonatal outcomes: a retrospective cohort study.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Article
- Preconception thyroid function in relation to pregnancy lipids among women attending a fertility center.Thyroid research · 2025Article
- Laboratory investigation of the association between oral lichen planus and Hashimoto's thyroiditis.BMC oral health · 2025Article
- Free triiodothyronine and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: an observational study and Mendelian randomization analysis.Nutrition & metabolism · 2025Article
- Analysis of independent risk factors and construction of a predictive model for thyroid dysfunction in early pregnancy.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2025Article
- Article
- Associations between peripheral thyroid sensitivity and all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in the US adults with metabolic syndrome.Frontiers in medicine · 2024Article
- Free triiodothyronine (FT3)-to-free thyroxine (FT4) ratio identified as a risk factor for gestational diabetes in euthyroid pregnant women: insights from a Chinese population cohort study.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2023Article
- Assessment of the association between genetic factors regulating thyroid function and microvascular complications in diabetes: A two-sample Mendelian randomization study in the European population.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2023Article
- Association of Thyroid Function Test Values with Prepregnancy Body Mass Index and Gestational Weight Gain: A Systematic Review of Literature Reviews.Iranian journal of nursing and midwifery researchReview
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Authors and funding
23 authors at 8 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Aim: To determine the association between thyroid function and the risk of developing gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Methods: This case−control study was a sub-analysis of the BEDIP-N study, in which 199 GDM women were matched for age and body mass index with 398 controls. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free thyroxine (fT4), free triiodothyronine (fT3), and thyroid peroxidase (TPO) antibodies were measured at 6−14 weeks and 26−28 weeks during pregnancy. TSH and fT4 were also measured in early postpartum in GDM women. Results: The fT3-to-fT4 ratio at 26−28 weeks was positively associated with GDM risk with an adjusted odds ratio (aOR for smoking, education, parity, ethnicity, gestational weight gain, and (family) history of diabetes or GDM) of 2.12 (95% CI 1.07; 4.23), comparing the highest with the lowest tertile. Higher fT3 levels and a higher fT3-to-fT4 ratio were associated with a less favorable metabolic profile with higher BMI and more insulin resistance during pregnancy and postpartum. Women in the upper fT3 tertile and the upper fT3-to-fT4 ratio had a higher rate of preeclampsia [4.6% (10) vs. 1.0% (2), p = 0.040, and 4.4% (9) vs. 0.5% (1), p = 0.020], gestational hypertension [8.3% (18) vs. 3.1% (6), p = 0.034 and 8.9% (18) vs. 2.0% (4), p = 0.003], and caesarean sections [29.4% (63) vs. 16.1% (31), p = 0.002 and 32.2% (65) vs. 12.7% (25), p < 0.001]. Conclusion: A higher fT3-to-fT4 ratio late into pregnancy was associated with GDM, adverse pregnancy outcomes, and an adverse metabolic profile in early postpartum.
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